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PSIO201 > Unit 2 - Skeletal > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 components does the skeletal system contain?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage
  3. Ligament
  4. Connective Tissue
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2
Q

Why is each bone considered an organ?

A

Bones contain: connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, and connective tissue covering.

COMBINATION OF MANY TISSUE TYPES

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3
Q

What are the 6 skeletal system functions?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Mineral storage
  4. Triglyceride storage
  5. RBC + WBC formation
  6. Leverage
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4
Q

Where is the axial part of the body?

A

The middle or main part of the body.

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5
Q

Where is the appendicular part of the body?

A

Limbs and connections of limbs to the axial division.

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6
Q

Appendicular Girdle

A

Pectoral and pelvic connection points

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7
Q

In what division is the skull?

  • cranium
  • face
A

Axial

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8
Q

In what division is the hyoid?

A

Axial

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9
Q

In what division are the auditory ossicles?

A

Axial

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10
Q

In what division is the vertebral column?

A

Axial

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11
Q

In what division is the thorax?

  • sternum
  • ribs
A

Axial

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12
Q

In what division are the pectoral girdles?

  • clavicle
  • scapula
A

Appendicular

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13
Q

In what division are the upper limbs?

A

Appendicular

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14
Q

In what division is the pelvic girdle?

A

Appendicular

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15
Q

In what division are the lower limbs?

A

Appendicular

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16
Q

Describe the periosteum

A
  • CT membrane covering external surface of bone
  • Continuous with tendons + CT of joints
  • Attached to bone matrix via perforating fibers
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17
Q

Describe the endosteum

A
  • Lining inner surfaces of bone; marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, canals of compact bone
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18
Q

Describe the epiphysis

A

At the end of long bone. Contains red marrow.

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19
Q

Describe the metaphasis

A

The connection point between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

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20
Q

Describe the diaphysis

A

At the middle of a long bone. Contains yellow marrow.

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21
Q

Where can spongy bone be found?

A

Epiphysis

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22
Q

Describe the medullary cavity

A

Contains red and yellow marrow. Runs through epiphysis and diaphysis.

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23
Q

What are the endosteum and periosteum important for?

A

Bone growth and remodeling

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24
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum important for?

A

Protection

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25
Q

What is the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum important for?

A

Growth and repair

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26
Q

Osteo means in correlation to…

A

Bone

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27
Q

Bone extracellular matrix is composed of…

A

Ground substance and fibers

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28
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Immature starting cells; stem cells.
Formed from mesenchyme.
Develop into osteoblasts through mitosis and differentiation

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29
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build bone + bone matrix

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30
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Mature cells.

Maintain bone tissue.

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31
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Break down material.

Functions in resorption + breakdown of bone matrix.

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32
Q

What two cells are important for bone remodeling?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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33
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Embryonic connective tissue

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34
Q

What cells synthesize the organic components of the matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

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35
Q

Which cells initiate calcification?

A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

What cells are involved in the maintenance of bone tissue?

A

Osteocytes

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37
Q

Which cells sense micro-damage and forces on bone to send repair signals?

A

Osteocytes

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38
Q

Which cells release enzymes and acids to degrade collagen and release minerals into blood?

A

Osteoclasts

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39
Q

Which cells are derived from myloid stem cells?

A

Osteoclasts

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40
Q

What are the organic components of bone ECM?

A

Ground substance and collagen fibers

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41
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone ECM?

A

Water and hydroxyapatite

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42
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Combination of minerals that fill spaces within collagen fibers.

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43
Q

What do collagen fibers contribute to bone?

A

Flexibility

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44
Q

What does hydroxyapatite contribute to bone?

A

Strength

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45
Q

If you remove minerals from bone, what happens?

A

Bone becomes rubbery, flexible

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46
Q

What happens if you remove collagen from bone?

A

Bone becomes brittle

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47
Q

What are trabeulae?

A

Irregular lattice of thin plates within spongy bone

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48
Q

Where can you find osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

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49
Q

What is the location of spongy bone?

A
  • epiphysis of long bones
  • surrounding marrow cavities
  • flat, short, and irregular bones
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50
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A
  • withstand forces from multiple directions
  • lightens the skeleton
  • contains red marrow for hemopoiesis
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51
Q

What is the location of compact bone?

A
  • External layer of all bones

- Diaphysis of long bones

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52
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

To give long bones the ability to withstand forces along longitudinal axis

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53
Q

What is a functional unit of compact bone?

A

An osteon

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54
Q

What are soft spots on the skull called?

A

Fontanels

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55
Q

In infants, what are long bones made of?

A

Cartilage

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56
Q

How long do epiphyseal plates stay as cartilage?

A

Until the end of puberty

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57
Q

Before birth, what are bones composed of?

A
  • Mesenchyme ; loose connective tissue

- Hyaline cartilage

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58
Q

What is ossification?

A

The replacement of connective tissue by bone

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59
Q

What type of ossification is from mesenchyme to bone?

A

Intramembranous

60
Q

What type of ossification is from mesenchyme to cartilage to bone?

A

Endochondral

61
Q

What process forms cranial bones?

A

Intramembranous ossification

62
Q

What process forms the mandible?

A

Intramembranous ossification

63
Q

What process forms the sternum?

A

Intramembranous ossification

64
Q

What process forms the clavicle?

A

Intramembranous ossification

65
Q

What process forms sesamoid bones?

A

Heterotropic

66
Q

What are the steps to intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. deposition of osteoid into mesenchyme
  2. calcification of osteoid and osteocyte differentiation
  3. formation of spongy bone trabeculae and periosteum
  4. remodeling of outer spongy bone to compact bone.
67
Q

What is calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium

68
Q

What are the steps to endochondral ossification?

A
  1. cartilage model forms
  2. growth of cartilage model
  3. blood vessels penetrate model and stimulate differentiation of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts
  4. osteoblasts form bone on the outer surface of the model
  5. osteoblasts create a primary ossification center - bone replaces cartilage.
  6. osteoclasts create marrow cavity
  7. spongy bone remodeled to compact bone.
  8. around birth, secondary ossification center forms
  9. spongy bone replaces cartilage at the epiphyses with the exception of epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
69
Q

What happens in primary endochondral ossification?

A
  • marrow cavity formed
  • cartilage is replaced with bone
  • occurs before birth
70
Q

Where is primary endochondral ossification located?

A

Diaphysis

71
Q

What happens in secondary endochondral ossification?

A
  • no marrow cavity
  • some cartilage is left for epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
  • occurs around the time of birth
72
Q

Where is secondary endochondral ossification located?

A

epiphyses

73
Q

What do X-rays not show?

A

Cartilage

74
Q

What grows bone length in children?

A

Epiphyseal Plate

75
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A
  • Growth from within cartilage

- Growth in length @ epiphyseal plate

76
Q

What is appositional growth?

A
  • Growth at the outer surface

- Growth in width

77
Q

During interstitial growth what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Chondroblasts

78
Q

During interstitial growth what do chondroblasts differentiate into?

A

Chondrocytes

79
Q

What cell divides in interstitial growth?

A

Chondrocytes

80
Q

At what level of the epiphyseal plate do chondrocytes divide?

A

Proliferating cartilage

81
Q

At what level of the epiphyseal plate do cells increase in size?

A

Hypertrophic cartilage

82
Q

What are the 3 steps for fracture repair?

A
  1. Fracture –> Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilage callus –> Bony callus
  3. Bone remodeling
83
Q

What 3 factors influence bone?

A
  1. Dietary
  2. Hormones
  3. Exercise
84
Q

What two minerals influence bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

85
Q

How does vitamin A influence bone?

A

stimulate activity of osteoblasts

86
Q

How does vitamin C influence bone?

A

Needed for collagen synthesis

87
Q

How does vitamin D influence bone?

A

Stimulates calcium absorption

88
Q

How do vitamin K and B12 influence bone?

A

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins

89
Q

What is the goal of calcium homeostatis?

A

To regulate blood calcium within a normal range

90
Q

What is the normal range of blood calcium?

A

8.5 - 11.0 mg/dl

91
Q

What are three reasons calcium is physiologically important?

A
  1. membrane excitability
  2. intracellular activity
  3. blood clotting
92
Q

What are two ways calcium enters the blood?

A

Bone storage and intestinal absorption

93
Q

How does calcium exit the body?

A

Kidney excretion

94
Q

What function does calcitonin serve?

A

Decrease blood calcium

95
Q

What is a stimulus for calcitonin?

A

High blood calcium

96
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Calcitonin

97
Q

What is the target tissue of calcitonin?

A

Bone, kidney, and intestine

98
Q

What is the goal of calcitonin?

A

To decrease blood calcium

99
Q

What cell activity does calcitonin inhibit?

A

Osteoclasts

Inhibit bone resorption

100
Q

What is a stimulus for the parathyroid hormone?

A

Low blood calcium

101
Q

What excretes the parathyroid hormone?

A

Parathyroid gland

102
Q

What are the target tissues of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Bone, kidney, and intestine

103
Q

What is the goal of the parathyroid hormone?

A

To increase calcium

104
Q

What cell does the parathyroid hormone stimulate?

A

Osteoclast

Increased bone absorption

105
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D called?

A

Cacitriol

106
Q

Describe vitamin D

A

A steroid hormone that is derived from cholesterol (hydrophobic)

107
Q

What are the precursors to active vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol and Calcidiol

108
Q

What cell does calcitriol (active vitamin D) stimulate?

A

Osteoclasts

109
Q

What does calcitriol work with to stimulate absorption?

A

Parathyroid

110
Q

What is the goal of calcitriol?

A

Increase blood calcium

111
Q

Which people need higher levels of calcium per day?

A

Teenagers, pregnant women, and post menopausal women

112
Q

Which two hormones act on osteoclasts?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid

113
Q

What two hormones act on osteoblasts?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin) and estrogen/testosterone

114
Q

What does growth hormone (somatotropin) stimulate?

A

Cell growth and protein synthesis (collagen)

115
Q

What is the growth hormone stimulation process?

A

Stimulates insulin like growth factors –> Osteoblasts –> bone formation

116
Q

Describe pituitary dwarfism

A

Low levels of growth hormone

–> slow epiphyseal growth

117
Q

Describe achondroplastic dwarfism

A

normal GH levels, failure of cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate, only affects long bones

118
Q

Describe pituitary giantism

A

hyper secretion of GH in childhood causing accelerated epiphyseal growth

119
Q

Describe acromegaly

A

hyper secretion of GH after puberty causing appositional growth

120
Q

What do estrogen and testosterone stimulate?

A

Osteoblasts

Bone formation

121
Q

What hormones increase at puberty?

A

estrogen and testosterone

122
Q

What do increased levels of estrogen and testosterone cause?

A

Bone growth / growth spurts

123
Q

Bone will change in response to what?

A

Stress

124
Q

What is the muscle pulling on bone force called?

A

Joint reaction

125
Q

What is the impact for on bones called?

A

Ground reaction forces

126
Q

Spongy bone is more metabolically active meaning…

A

it can respond to changes in mechanical loading more readily

127
Q

Most likely places to fracture due to high spongy content:

A

Hip, wrist, spine

128
Q

What does exercising early in life lead to?

A

Increase in peak bone mass

129
Q

What does exercising later in life cause?

A

prevention of bone loss

130
Q

Why does exercising prevent falls?

A

Improved strength and balance

131
Q

Explain why exercising creates higher bone formation than absorption…

A

The mechanical force on bone signal the osteocytes to increase calcium and proliferation of osteoblasts

132
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A

Porous bones
Reduced bone mass
Increased risk of fractures

133
Q

How does bone change in osteoporosis?

A

The proportion of collagen and minerals is normal, but there’s a decrease in bone mass

134
Q

What causes reduced bone mass?

A

Any factor that stimulates bone resorption or inhibits bone formation

135
Q

Define articulation

A

A point of contact between bone, cartilage, and teeth

136
Q

What is an immovable joint called?

A

synarthrosis

137
Q

What is a slightly movable joint called?

A

Amphiarthrosis

138
Q

What is a freely movable joint called?

A

Diarthrosis

139
Q

What type of joints are sutures between skull bones?

A

Fibrous synarthroses

140
Q

What types of joints are teeth in sockets?

A

Fibrous synarthroses

141
Q

All diarthroses are what joints?

A

synovial

142
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

synarthrosis

Adjacent bones are joined by collagen fibers from one bone that penetrate into the other bone

143
Q

Describe cartilaginous bones

A

Amphiarthrosis

Two bones linked by cartilage

144
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and symphyses

145
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Diathrosis
A point where two bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubricating synovial fluid.
Most are freely mobile.

146
Q

What is the difference between chondroblasts and osteoblasts?

A

Chondroblasts - growth and development of cartilage

Osteoblasts - growth and development of bone

PSIO201 (6 decks)

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