Unit 3: Microscpoes and Cells

Question 0

Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow….

Answer 0

Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow are credited with coming up with the basics of the cell theory.

Question 1

The Cell Theory

Answer 1

i. All living organisms are made up of cells
ii. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms
iii. All cells come from cells that existed before them by cellular reproduction

Question 2

Every cell has the following main characteristics:

Answer 2

• plasma membrane covering
• cytoplasm
• their genes are made up of DNA
• ribosomes(tiny organelles that assemble proteins)

Question 3

The Compound Light Microscope:

Answer 3

i. Compound light microscopes through a set of lenses and the specimen to magnify the specimen.
ii. Only microscope that can examen living organisms + cheap and easy to use
iii. Disadvantage- limited magnification, cannot show to many details of cells.

Question 4

Two important characteristics that determine the quality of light microscopes:

Answer 4

1. Magnification- (an increase in the apparent size of an object.)
   We calculate magnification by:
   mag. of eye piece X mag. of objective = total mag. power
2. Resolution- (measure of clarity of an imagine)
   As magnification increases, resolution decreases

Question 5

Electron microscope:

Answer 5

i. Some microscopes use beams of electrons for magnification instead of light- electron microscopes.
ii. Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)- used to study the detail of the surface on the object. Forms a 3D imagine m but does not show inside.
iii. Transmission Electron Magnification(TEM)- used to provide a detailed 2D imagine of the inside of the structure of the object that is viewed.

Question 6

The size of cells:

Answer 6

i. Cells are microscopic, they are visible only with a light microscope. Most of sizes range from 1-100___
ii. The cells are small, because they have to be able to carry materials from one side of the cell to the next in a short period of time.

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

• small (1-100 |u p)
• found in bacteria and Achea (two main domains of life)
• flagella, plasmid, pili or fibriae, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, nucleotide region, ribosomes, cytoplasm

Question 8

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

• big (10-100 |u p)
• have nucleus and different structured cytoplasm than prokaryotic cell
• protists, fungi, animals, and plants
• nucleus and organelles are surrounded by phospholipid membranes(membrane bound organelles)
• more complex than prokaryotic cell
• reproduce sexual and asexually

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

Contains most of cell’s DNA, responsible for regulating cell functions

Question 10

Nucleolus

Answer 10

Location where ribosomes are synthesized, made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins

Question 11

Nuclear envelope

Answer 11

Protects DNA in the nucleus, nuclear pores allows the exchange of materials.

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Perform protein synthesis, mushroom shaped organelle that is made up of RNA and proteins.

Question 13

Rough ER

Answer 13

Comprised of a network of tubes and flattened sacs. Continuos with plasma membrane and nuclear membrane and made of same material. Consists of ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis and protein folding in the first and second structures

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

Site of lipid formation, carbonhydrate synthesis and hydrolysis. Also performs detoxification. No ribosomes on surface. Membrane structure, made up of phospholipids and proteins.

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

Connected with ER, flattened disc shaped sacs, stacked up one on top the other. Modification, storage, and packaging “tags” proteins so they get to the correct destination.

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

(In animal cells and some protists) digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged organelles. Destruction of certain cells during embryonic development. Contain hydrolysis enzymes.

Question 17

Peroxisomes

Answer 17

Diverse metabolic processes break down H ions into hydrogen peroxide. Detoxification. Found in all cells

Question 18

Vacuoles

Answer 18

Storage of chemicals, cell enlargement and support. Water balance. Really large in old plant cells.

Question 19

Vesicles

Answer 19

Small membrane bubbles, that ship materials within and out of the cell

Question 20

Chloroplasts

Answer 20

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars(site of photosynthesis). Double membrane structure. Found in plants.

Outer Space Is Really Grand Dark Thing

Outer membrane, stroma, inner membrane, ribosome, granum, DNA, thylakoid.

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Conversion of chemical energy of food to chemical energy - cellular respiration. Bound by double membrane. Found in plants and animals.

Of course Mitochondria Is Really Important Duh!

Outer membrane, matrix, inner membrane, ribosomes, inter membrane, DNA

Question 22

Cytoskeleton

Answer 22

Mainland of cell's shape. Anchorage for organelles. Movement of organelles within cells; cell movement. Mechanical transmission of signals from exterior of the cell to interior. Cilia and flagella move the cell or move substances on the cell. Centrioles are important for cell division. 
Microfilaments ~~~~~~
Microtubules o=====o
Centrioles £==£
Cilia @
Flagellum ~~(   )

Question 23

Cell wall

Answer 23

In plants fungi and protists. Maintenance of cell shape and skeletal support. Surface protection. Binding of cells in tissues. Made up of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi.