Unit 3 Metabolism Part 3 Flashcards
Essential amino acids
cannot be made by the body but essential that they are gotten
nonessential amino acids
can be made by the body
peptide bond
bonds amino acids
dehydration synthesis
1 amino + 1 amino = peptide bond
hydrolysis
peptide bond = amino, amino
what are proteins made of
amino acids
what are the 3 attachment groups of amino acids
- amino group
- acidic carboxyl group
- side chain/r group
what is special about the side chain of amino acids
the r group is the only thing that makes each amino acid unique
What happens to digested proteins
they are broken down into amino acids and NOT STORED
- instead they ate either oxidized to produce ATP or used to synthesize other proteins
What are the main functions of proteins
- enzymes
- transportation (lipoproteins)
- antibodies
- clotting blood
- hormones
- muscle fibers
Protein CATABOLISM
- break down
- aerobic
- amino acids converted into other amino acids, ketone bodies or glucose
Protein ANABOLISM
- protein synthesis
- create new proteins by bonding together amino acids on RIBOSOMES
- only occurs when they is an EXCESS of proteins
Protein organization
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary
primary structure
amino acid sequence
secondary structure
twisting and folding of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure
3d shape of a polypeptide chain
quarternary structure
arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains
where do amino acids enter the krebs cycle
anywhere
What two words describe nitrogen elimination
transamination and deamination
Transamination
transfer amine group
deamination
- aka oxidative deamination (needs oxygen)
removal of amine group
What leaves through the kidney and urine and is used to measure nitrogen levels at the end of nitrogen elimination?
UREA
Characteristics of Glucose - Alanine Cycle
- slow
- alanine is the gluconeogenic precursor
amino acid -> protein =
ANABOLIC
protein -> amino acid =
CATABOLIC
What are the key molecules in the metabolic crossroads
- glucose 6 phosphate
- pyruvic acid
- acetyl co A
Glucose 6 phosphate is involved in
- synthesis of glycogen
- release of glucose into blood
- synthesis of nucleic acids
- glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid is involved in
- production of lactic acid
- production of alanine
- gluconeogenesis
- conversion to acetyl CoA
Acetyl Co A is involved in
- helping 2 carbon acetyl groups enter the Krebs Cycle
- synthesis of lipids or ketones
What is the fasted state
- HUNGRY
- POST ABSORPTIVE STATE
what is the fed state
- FULL
- ABSORPTIVE STATE
Post absorptive state:
energy needs are already met by fuels already in the body
what hormones are associated with postabsorptive state
glucagon and stress hormones - cortisol, epine, norepi
What are the actual hormonal regulation steps of the post-absorptive state
- gylcogenolysis - hepatocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
- lipolysis - adipocytes
- protein breakdown - skeletal muscle fibers
- gluconeogenesis - hepatocytes and kidney cortex cells
Summarize what happens when in the post absorptive state
the storage form of energy is being broken down to feed the hungry organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver), heart and brain are energy takers to make ATP from glucose, lactic acid and sometimes ketone bodies
- glycerol is broken down in adipose tissue and taken up by liver to make glucose in gluconeogenesis. fatty acids go through beta oxidation
- muscle glycogen is broken to produce lactic acid which is an anaerobic process. and it makes glucose in gluconeogenesis. gluconeogenesis is the only anabolic process
Absorptive state
energy is used or stored from food
what hormones are associated with the absorptive state
INSULIN
What are the actual hormonal regulation steps for the absorptive state
- facilitated diffusion - glucose goes into cells
- active transport - of amino acids into cells
- glycogenesis - liver and muscle cells
- protein synthesis - all body cells
- lipogenesis - adipose cells and hepatocytes
Summarize what happens when in the absorptive state
lots of extra glucose triggers insulin so it is stored. the making of glycogen in muscle and liver, making of protein stored in muscles and fats are stored in adipose tissue. excess glucose and glycogen stores are full? more triglycerides are made- mostly anabolic
