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Exercise Science 276 > Unit 2 Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Unit 2 Membrane Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

head: hydrophilic & polar
fatty acid tails: hydrophobic & nonpolar

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2
Q

How would you describe the permeability of the plasma membrane?

A

semi permeable

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3
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow to pass through it?

A
  • small
  • nonpolar
  • uncharged
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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane NOT allow to pass?

A

ions/charged molecules

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5
Q

transmembrane protein

A

channels or transporters that INCREASE the permeability of the plasma membrane

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6
Q

Vesicular transport

A

macromolecules pass via this method

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7
Q

What are the two major groups of membrane transport

A

passive and active

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8
Q

what are the types of passive transport

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
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9
Q

what is the gradient of passive transport

A

HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION/ WITHOUT THE USE OF ATP/ WITH OR DOWN THE GRADIENT

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10
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A
  • primary active
  • secondary active
  • vesicular transport
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11
Q

what is the gradient of active transport

A

LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION/ WITH ATP/AGAINST OR UP THE GRADIENT

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12
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference between the amount of a chemical on one side of the membrane in comparison to the other

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13
Q

what is the difference between the concentration gradient inside and outside of the cell

A

OUTSIDE THE CELL: more O2 & Na ions
INSIDE THE CELL: more CO2 & K ions

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14
Q

what is an electrical gradient

A

the difference between ions or charges between one side of the membrane and another

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15
Q

what determines an electrical gradient

A

membrane potential

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16
Q

what is the difference between the electrical gradient outside and inside the cell?

A

INSIDE THE CELL is more NEGATIVE
OUTSIDE THE CELL is more POSITIVE

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17
Q

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

A

electrical gradient + chemical gradient

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18
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The random mixing of particles by stirring causes the articles to spread and produces kinetic energy

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19
Q

what is the concentration gradient of simple diffusion

A

high to low

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20
Q

what diffuses in simple diffusion

A

the SOLVENT & SOLUTE

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21
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Steeper Gradient: more significant difference in concentration
  2. Higher temperature: heat generates more kinetic energy
  3. Large membrane surface area
  4. Distance of diffusion
  5. smaller particle
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22
Q

what does diffusion look like through the lipid bilayer?

A
  • nonpolar
  • hydrophobic
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23
Q

through what form of transport does GAS EXCHANGE occur?

A

diffusion

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of ion channels

A
  • leakage
  • voltage-gated
  • ligand
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25
Q

Leakage channels

A

gates open and close (passing of Na+ and K+)

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26
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

open in response to membrane potential (passing of Na+ and K+)

27
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

open and close in response to chemical stimuli (neurotransmitters, hormones, or other ions)

28
Q

Why is facilitated diffusion needed within passive transport?

A

solute is too polar

29
Q

what are the general steps of facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. solute binds to the specific transporter protein
  2. transporter makes a CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE
  3. the solute moves across the membrane and is released on the other side of the membrane
30
Q

what solutes move via facilitated diffusion?

A
  • glucose
  • urea
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • vitamins
31
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of SOLVENT through a selectively permeable membrane

32
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

pressure that the water column exerts

33
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure prevent

A

prevents water from diffusing through the membrane

34
Q

osmotic pressure

A

applied pressure by the solvent or another force when they are not permeable to the membrane

35
Q

Tonicity

A

how the osmolarity of an outside solution effects the cell volume

36
Q

HYPERtonic

A

tonicity of solution > tonicity of cell

37
Q

what happens to a cell when in a HYPERtonic solution

A

CRENATION: the cell shrinks

38
Q

HYPOtonic

A

tonicity of solution < tonicity of cell

39
Q

what happens when a cell is in a HYPOtonic solution

A

HEMOLYSIS: the cells wells and burst

40
Q

ISOtonic

A

tonicity of solution = tonicity of cell

41
Q

what happens when a cell is placed in an ISOtonic solution?

A

stays the same

42
Q

what mechanism is used in Primary Active Transport

A

Sodium Potassium Pump (Na/K Pump)

43
Q

Where does primary active transport get its energy to make the pump work?

A

energy comes from ATP, and it changed the shape of the transporter protein that pumps a substance across the membrane

44
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump strive to maintain in primary active transport

A

LOW Na+ and HIGH K+ in cytosol (inside the cell)

45
Q

secondary active transport

A

energy stored in the Na+ or H+ concentration gradient used to drive other substances against their gradient = ION GRADIENTS

46
Q

SYMporter

A

aka cotransporters; move substrates in the same direction

47
Q

ANTIporters

A

aka exchangers; move substrates in the opposite direction

48
Q

what ion begin the process of secondary transport

A

SODIUM ION

49
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

a sac; site of budding

50
Q

what are the 2 ways in which vesicles perform

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

51
Q

ENDOcytosis

A

bring INTO the cell

52
Q

what are the two types if endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

53
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

54
Q

what performs phagocytosis

A

WBCs and macrophages

55
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

56
Q

Exocytosis

A

release something from the cell

57
Q

where do these vesicles used form for exocytosis

A

inside the cell, and they fuse to the cell membrane to release contents

58
Q

what kinds of things perform exocytosis

A

digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters and waste products

59
Q

diffusion

A

passing from one side of the membrane to another

60
Q

do we need ATP for ion channels

A

NO ATP NEEDED

61
Q

What is the gradient of Na and K in primary active transport?

A

LOW TO HIGH/ AGAINST/ UPHILL/ UP

62
Q

what is the main role of the sodium-potassium pump

A

to maintain gradient equilibrium

63
Q

in secondary active transport, what is the gradient

A

sodium is going with while potassium eventually goes against using the energy from the start

64
Q

Example of pinocytosis

A

absorption of nutrients from food

Exercise Science 276 (5 decks)

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