Unit 3 Metabolism Part 2 Flashcards
where does the body store ATP
tissue
where doe the body store carbohydrate
muscle glycogen - 4th most
serum glucose
liver glycogen
where does the body store fat
ADIPOSE tissue - MOST ENERGY STORED HERE
muscle triglycerides - 3rd most
serum triglycerides
where does the body store protein
muscles - 2nd most
where are lipids stored
triglycerides
what are the types of lipids
triglycerides
phospholipids
fatty acids
steroids
fat soluble vitamins
lipoproteins
triglycerides
glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
phospholipids form
plasma membranes
lipoproteins
transport lipids through blood plasma
what are common lipid properties
nonpolar
hydrophobic
where are lipoproteins produces
intestine and liver
what is the job of lipoproteins
combine with lipids and transport them so that they can pass through the plasma membrane that is made up of 90% water
What are the good task lipoproteins
- chylomicrons and HDLs
what are the bad task lipoproteins
- VLDLs and LDLs
chylomicrons
- transport dietary lipids to adipose tissue
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
remove excess cholesterol from cells and transport to liver for elimination - want HDLs high so that total cholesterol can be lowered faster
very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
transport triglycerides from hepatocytes in the liver to adipocytes in fat
- anaerobic and want low/bad for heart
low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
carry out 75% of bloods cholesterol and delivers it to cells
- AEROBIC- want to be low
What do HDLs help solve
the problems that LDLs bring
how do we produce ATP from lipids
OXIDATION only with oxygen present
if the body does not need lipids where are they stored
adipose tissue
Lipid CATABOLISM
AKA LIPOLYSIS
- the splitting of triglycerides into a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
what stimulates lipolysis
stress hormones- epeine, norepi, and cortisol
what is step 1 of lipolysis
Triglyceride hydrolysis
- triglyceride spilt into 3 fatty acids and glycerol
what is the resulting glycerol from lipolysis used for?
gluconeogenesis to make glucose
what are the resulting fatty acids used for after lipolysis
the fatty acids lose 2 carbons at a time and those carbons go though beta oxidation
what is step 2 of lipolysis
beta oxidation
beta oxidation
two carbons from the fatty acids from triglyceride hydrolysis attach to a co enzyme A to form Acetyl CoA– this is then used to power the Krebs Cycle
What does the krebs cycle produce
- ATP
- NADH + H+
- FADH2
Lipid Anabolism
aka lipogenesis
- synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids
what stimulate lipogenesis
INSULIN
- takes sugar out the blood stream and delivers it to cells to decrease blood pressure
In what real world scenario would lipogenesis occur?
when people take in more calories than needed
Characteristics of lipid metabolism
- slow
- high ATP yield
- oxygen dependent
Regulation of lipid metabolism
high amounts of Acetyl CoA or NADH + H+ INHIBITS/DECREASES the rate of BETA OXIDATION
Ketone bodies
alternate source of energy
- result of lipolysis
When there is too much acetyl coa produced, where is it stored
ketone bodies
How does acetyl coa convert inorder to give ketone bodies the energy they need in order to be considered an alternate energy source
- 2 acetyl coa molecules combine to form acetoacetic acid
- this is then converted to beta hydroxybutyric acid and acetone
What organs prefer to use acetoacetic acid as a source of energy, ATP? why?
heart and kidney
- pulls down the blood pH
where does ketogenesis occur
liver cells
what is the common state of blood ketone levels
very low
ketoacidosis
high ketone levels resulting in a very very low blood pH
When fast/starving and on a low fat/high carb diet what is the result
excess beta oxidation and ketone production
