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Exercise Science 276 > Unit 3 Metabolism Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Metabolism Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

what are the two types of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

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3
Q

catabolism

A

BREAKdown
- EXergonic

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4
Q

what does exergonic mean

A

release energy

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5
Q

anabolism

A

BUILDing
- ENDergonic

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6
Q

what does endergonic mean

A

consumes energy

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7
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

the law of conservation of energy

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8
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can be neither created or destroyed, only converted

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9
Q

ATP

A

useful form of chemical energy in our bodies

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10
Q

What are the two types of energy transfer

A

oxidation and reduction

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11
Q

oxidation

A

involves the REMOVAL of electrons from an atom or molecule

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12
Q

reduction

A

involves the addition of electrons to an atom or molecule

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13
Q

what is the main energy transfer rule

A

oxidation and reduction must ALWAYS be COUPLED

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14
Q

Redox reactions

A

if one is reduced the other is oxidized

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15
Q

what is another term for oxidation

A

DEHYDROGENATION

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16
Q

What is another word for reduction

A

HYDROGENATION

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17
Q

What are the main macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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18
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose breakdown to produce ATP

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19
Q

What type of metabolism reaction does glycolysis experience

A

CATABOLIC

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20
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from lipid or protein

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21
Q

what type of metabolic reaction does gluconeogenesis experience?

A

ANABOLIC

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22
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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23
Q

what type of metabolic reaction does glycogenolysis experience?

A

CATABOLIC

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24
Q

glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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25
Q

what type of metabolic reaction does glycogenesis experience?

A

ANABOLIC

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26
Q

Is glycolysis aerobis or anaerobic?

A

both

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27
Q

aerobic

A

with oxygen

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28
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

needs oxygen
- krebs and etc
- sometimes glycolysis

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30
Q

cytosol

A

does not need oxygen
- glycolysis

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31
Q

Glycolysis Characteristics

A
  • fast
  • w/ or w/o oxygen
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32
Q

Krebs Cycle Characteristics

A
  • slow
  • high ATP yield
  • Aerobic
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33
Q

ETC Characteristics

A
  • slow
  • high ATP yield
  • Aerobic
34
Q

What are simple sugars

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

35
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A
  • GLUCOSE
  • FRUCTOSE
  • GALACTOSE
36
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A
  • maltose = glucose + glucose
  • sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • lactose = glucose + galactose
37
Q

examples of POLYSACCHARIDES

A
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
  • starch
38
Q

Glycogen

A

main polysaccharide in the body

39
Q

What is known as the storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

40
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver and skeletal muscles

41
Q

how does glucose enter the cell

A

facilitated diffusion performed by GluT molecules

42
Q

what increases the presence of GluT4 transporters in the plasma membrane for facilitated diffusion of glucose?

A

INSULIN – this helps increase the rate of diffusion

43
Q

Cellular respiration

A

OXIDATION of glucose to make ATP

44
Q

What are the 4 sets of reactions in cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Formation of Acetyl CoA
  3. Kreb’s Cycle reactions
  4. ETC reactions
45
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

REMOVE water
monosaccharides -> disaccharide

46
Q

Hydrolysis

A

ADD water
disaccharide -> monosaccharides

47
Q

how many carbons are in one glucose at the start of glycolysis

A

6 carbon molecule split into 2 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

48
Q

what are the 3 phases of glycolysis

A
  1. sugar activation
  2. sugar cleavage
  3. sugar oxidation and formation of ATP
49
Q

What are the characteristics of glycolysis

A
  • rapid rate
  • low amount of ATP produced
  • anaerobic in cytosol or aerobic in mitochondria
50
Q

What stimulates PFK

A
  • INCREASE IN adp, amp, pi and decreased pH
  • DECREASE IN available oxygen
51
Q

what happens when PFK is stimulated

A

the breakdown of glucose is increased and that means that the rate of glycolysis increased as well

52
Q

what will INHIBIT PFK, thus decreasing the rate of glycolysis

A
  • increase in glucose - 6 - phosphate
  • lots of ATP and citrate
53
Q

what are the key enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase

54
Q

Hexokinase

A

conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate (step 1) in glycolysis

55
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

(PFK) regulates the rate of glycolysis

56
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

(LDH) converts pyruvate to lactate (glycolysis)

57
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (Krebs)

58
Q

characteristics of the krebs cycle

A
  • slow
  • high atp yield
  • aerobic in mitochondria
59
Q

what is the ETC

A

a series of electron carriers

60
Q

what are some characteristics of the ETC

A
  • SLOW
  • greatest ATP yield
  • aerobic in mitochondria
61
Q

Matrix

A

folds within the mitochondria

62
Q

CHEMIOSMOSIS

A

pumping of Hydrogen ions

63
Q

describe etc

A
  • each carrier is reduced as it gains electrons and oxidized as they lose them
    EXERGONIC reactions release energy used in the form of ATP
64
Q

How do channels open in the ETC

A

gradients are built when ions are all pushed to one side. this build allows hydrogen ions to rush into the inter membrane space and then to the ATP synthase

65
Q

what is the goal of the ETC

A

couple energy stored in electron acceptors to a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

66
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane in etc

A

contains a series of channels and the ATP synthase

67
Q

what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. etc
  2. chemiosmosis
68
Q

what lives in the mitochondrial matrix

A

H+

69
Q

what goes through ETC first

A

NADH from krebs
- gives up its protons and electrons to complex 1 causing it to be super charged to form NAD+. gives complex one the energy to pump H+ into the inter membrane space. and its electron is given from complex 1 to CoQ. accumulation of h+ on other side, proton gradient forms in IMS.

70
Q

FADH2

A

coming from krebs, FAHD2 approaches complex 2 and gives up electrons and becomes FAD. complex 2 cannot however pump, so its electron goes from complex 2 to CoQ.

71
Q

CoQ

A

common electron acceptor for complex one and complex 2 in the ETC. passes electrons to complex 3 and causes enough potential to pump H+ through complex 3 to intermembrane space. complex 3 passes electrons to CytC then to complex 4 and pumps protons to IMS

72
Q

final electron acceptor

A

oxygen
- splits into two o ions
- creates two water molecules in the mitochondrial matrix

73
Q

ATP synthase

A

uses built up proton gradient to generate large amounts of ATP

74
Q

ADP wants to turn into ATP…

A

ATP synthase uses protons from IMS and flows down gradient and go back to matrix and catalyses the conversion of ADP to ATP … PROCESS CONTINUES

75
Q

What stimulates glycogenesis

A

INSULIN

76
Q

where does insulin store glucose

A

stores it as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

77
Q

what enzyme is associated with glycogenesis

A

hexokinase

78
Q

what stimulates glycogenolysis

A

glucagon and epinephrine (increased blood sugar results)

79
Q

what enzymes are associated with glycogenolysis

A

phosphatase and phosphorylase

80
Q

what stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

cortisol - high stress hormone
glucagon - when blood sugar is low

81
Q

what hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

Exercise Science 276 (5 decks)

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