unit 3 list 3 Flashcards
cellular division
the biological process where a single cell splits into two or more new cells, called daughter cells, essentially creating new cells for growth, repair, and reproduction within an organism
egg cell
the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms
epigenetic
relating to changes, especially heritable changes, in the characteristics of a cell or organism that result from altered gene expression or other effects not involving changes to the DNA sequence itself
fertilization
The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum
genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism
Inherited traits
a characteristic or quality that is passed down from parents to offspring and is determined by an individual’s DNA
Multicellular organism
an organism composed of many cells
sexual reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female)
sperm cell
male reproductive cell
autosomal
refers to the 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes in most human cells, and the genes located on those chromosomes
complete dominance
a genetic phenomenon that occurs when one allele of a gene completely masks the effect of another allele
dihybrid cross
mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits
F1
the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross-mating of distinctly different parental types
F2
the second generation of offspring resulting from cross-breeding
genotypic ratio
the number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next
incomplete dominance
a genetic phenomenon where two alleles blend to create a new phenotype in offspring, rather than one allele being completely dominant over the other
monohybrid cross
hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes
P (parental) generation
the first in any genetic cross pollination experiment
phenotypic ratio
a numerical comparison of the relative frequency of different phenotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross
polygenic inheritance
a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes
population
all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
ratio
the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other
variation
a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits
