unit 1 list 2 cell energy

Question 1

autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

Question 2

light reactions

Answer 2

the phase of photosynthesis that requires the presence of light

Question 3

chlorophyll

Answer 3

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring

Question 4

photosynthesis

Answer 4

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct

Question 5

Calvin cycle

Answer 5

the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions

Question 7

NADPH

Answer 7

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 8

Pigment

Answer 8

substances produced by living organisms

Question 9

granum

Answer 9

a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells

Question 10

Stomata

Answer 10

a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange

Question 11

Carbon Fixation

Answer 11

the process of fixing atmospheric carbon that is present in the form of carbon dioxide in nature

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

Question 13

Thylakoids

Answer 13

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves. They are terpenoids based on a structure having the formula C40H56

Question 15

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 15

contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganic ions

Question 16

Aerobic respiration

Answer 16

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat

Question 18

NAD+

Answer 18

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 19

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 19

a process in which some sugars (as glucose) are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

The meaning of NADH is the reduced form of NAD

Question 22

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 22

oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis

Question 23

Cellular respiration

Answer 23

the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules

Question 24

Krebs cycle

Answer 24

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP

Question 25

Pyruvic acid

Answer 25

a yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.

Question 26

Citric acid

Answer 26

a pleasantly sour-tasting organic acid