unit 1 list 2 cell energy Flashcards
autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide
light reactions
the phase of photosynthesis that requires the presence of light
chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring
photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct
Calvin cycle
the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Pigment
substances produced by living organisms
granum
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange
Carbon Fixation
the process of fixing atmospheric carbon that is present in the form of carbon dioxide in nature
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana
Carotenoids
any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves. They are terpenoids based on a structure having the formula C40H56
Mitochondrial matrix
contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganic ions
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Alcoholic fermentation
a process in which some sugars (as glucose) are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
NADH
The meaning of NADH is the reduced form of NAD
Anaerobic respiration
oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis
Cellular respiration
the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules
Krebs cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
