unit 3 list 2 Flashcards

1
Q

allele

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome

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2
Q

centromere

A

structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

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2
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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3
Q

chromosome

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

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4
Q

codon

A

DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic

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5
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

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6
Q

daughter cell

A

the cells that are formed after cell division

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7
Q

deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA

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8
Q

diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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9
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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10
Q

fertilization

A

the union of two gametes

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11
Q

frameshift

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

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12
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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13
Q

gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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14
Q

gene mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different

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15
Q

genetic code

A

refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

16
Q

genetic variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

17
Q

haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

18
Q

homologous chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

19
Q

independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

20
Q

insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

21
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

22
Q

meiosis I

A

a type of cell division unique to germ cells

23
Q

meiosis II

A

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I

24
monosomy
the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells
25
mutagen
a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations
26
mutation
is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
27
nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
28
offspring
the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction
29
parent cell
something thought of as an overhanging shelter
30
point mutation
occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed
31
replication
double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two, identical DNA
32
sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
33
somatic cell
the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
34
substitution
a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
35
trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body's cells
36
trait
a specific characteristic of an individual