unit 3 list 2 Flashcards
allele
One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome
centromere
structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
chromosome
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell
codon
DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic
crossing over
the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)
daughter cell
the cells that are formed after cell division
deletion
A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA
diploid
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair
DNA
the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
fertilization
the union of two gametes
frameshift
the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant
gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child
gene mutation
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different
genetic code
refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein
genetic variation
the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species
haploid
the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
homologous chromosome
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical
independent assortment
how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop
insertion
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA
meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
meiosis I
a type of cell division unique to germ cells
meiosis II
a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I