unit 3 list 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

allele

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome

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2
Q

centromere

A

structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

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2
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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3
Q

chromosome

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

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4
Q

codon

A

DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic

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5
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

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6
Q

daughter cell

A

the cells that are formed after cell division

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7
Q

deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA

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8
Q

diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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9
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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10
Q

fertilization

A

the union of two gametes

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11
Q

frameshift

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

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12
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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13
Q

gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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14
Q

gene mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different

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15
Q

genetic code

A

refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

16
Q

genetic variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

17
Q

haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

18
Q

homologous chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

19
Q

independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

20
Q

insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

21
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

22
Q

meiosis I

A

a type of cell division unique to germ cells

23
Q

meiosis II

A

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I

24
Q

monosomy

A

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells

25
Q

mutagen

A

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

26
Q

mutation

A

is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

27
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

28
Q

offspring

A

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

29
Q

parent cell

A

something thought of as an overhanging shelter

30
Q

point mutation

A

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed

31
Q

replication

A

double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two, identical DNA

32
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

33
Q

somatic cell

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

34
Q

substitution

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

35
Q

trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

36
Q

trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual