Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity LC Flashcards
allele
one of two or more versions of DNA sequence
centromere
links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
chromosome
package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism
codon (chart)
identify which codons specify which amino acids
crossing over
the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis).
daugher cell
cells that are formed after cell division.
deletion
a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA.
diploid
two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
DNA
a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual
fertilization
the union of two gametes; egg and sperm join
frameshift
mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant
gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child
gene mutation
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different.
genetic code
the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.
generic variation
the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population.
haploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
homologous chromosome
pairs of chromosomes originating from each parent.
independent assortment
how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop
insertion
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.
meiosis
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.
meiosis I
a type of cell division unique to germ cells,
meiosis II
a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I.
monosomy
the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes
mutagen
Anything that causes a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell)
mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell
nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate
offspring
the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction.
parent cell
A cell that is the source of other cells
point mutation
A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide
replication
the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
somatic cell
the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
substitution
a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.
trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells.
trait
a specific characteristic of an individual.
