Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity LC Flashcards

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1
Q

allele

A

one of two or more versions of DNA sequence

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2
Q

centromere

A

links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.

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3
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

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4
Q

chromosome

A

package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

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5
Q

codon (chart)

A

identify which codons specify which amino acids

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6
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis).

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7
Q

daugher cell

A

cells that are formed after cell division.

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8
Q

deletion

A

a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA.

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9
Q

diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

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10
Q

DNA

A

a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

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11
Q

fertilization

A

the union of two gametes; egg and sperm join

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12
Q

frameshift

A

mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.

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13
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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14
Q

gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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15
Q

gene mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different.

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16
Q

genetic code

A

the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.

17
Q

generic variation

A

the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population.

18
Q

haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

19
Q

homologous chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes originating from each parent.

20
Q

independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

21
Q

insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

22
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

23
Q

meiosis I

A

a type of cell division unique to germ cells,

24
Q

meiosis II

A

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I.

25
Q

monosomy

A

the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes

26
Q

mutagen

A

Anything that causes a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell)

27
Q

mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

28
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of the chromosomes to separate

29
Q

offspring

A

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction.

30
Q

parent cell

A

A cell that is the source of other cells

31
Q

point mutation

A

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

32
Q

replication

A

the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules

33
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

34
Q

somatic cell

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

35
Q

substitution

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.

36
Q

trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells.

37
Q

trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual.