Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity

Question 1

Allele

Answer 1

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome.

Question 2

Centromere

Answer 2

The region of the chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during cell division.

Question 3

Chromatid

Answer 3

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

Question 4

Chromosome

Answer 4

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.

Question 5

Codon (chart)

Answer 5

Shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.

Question 6

Crossing over

Answer 6

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells.

Question 7

Daughter cell

Answer 7

Cells that are the result of a single dividing parent cell.

Question 8

Deletion

Answer 8

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA.

Question 9

Diploid

Answer 9

A cell that contain two copies of each chromosome.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

Question 11

Fertilization

Answer 11

The union of two gametes.

Question 12

Frameshift

Answer 12

A genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.

Question 13

Gamete

Answer 13

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant.

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

Question 15

Gene mutation

Answer 15

A change in one or more genes.

Question 16

Genetic code

Answer 16

The instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.

Question 17

Genetic variation

Answer 17

The difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population.

Question 18

Haploid

Answer 18

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.

Question 19

Homologous chromosome

Answer 19

Matched pairs containing the same genes in identical locations along their lengths.

Question 20

Independent assortment

Answer 20

The alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Question 21

Insertion

Answer 21

A type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

Question 22

Meiosis

Answer 22

A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

Question 23

Meiosis I

Answer 23

The first meiotic division.

Question 24

Meiosis II

Answer 24

The second division in meiosis in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into daughter cells.

Question 25

Monosomy

Answer 25

The condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.

Question 26

Mutagen

Answer 26

Any physical or chemical substance that can change the genetic material of an organism, thereby causing a mutation.

Question 27

Mutation

Answer 27

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

Question 28

Nondisjunction

Answer 28

The failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

Question 29

Offspring

Answer 29

The product of the reproductive processes of a person, animal, or plant.

Question 30

Parent cell

Answer 30

The cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells.

Question 31

Point mutation

Answer 31

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide.

Question 32

Replication

Answer 32

The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

Question 33

Sexual reproduction

Answer 33

The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

Question 34

Somatic cell

Answer 34

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

Question 35

Substitution

Answer 35

A type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.

Question 36

Trisomy

Answer 36

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells.

Question 37

Trait

Answer 37

A specific characteristic of an individual.