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Biology > Unit 3 List 2 DNA & HEREDITY > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 2 DNA & HEREDITY Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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2
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

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3
Q

Chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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5
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

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6
Q

Crossing over

A

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

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7
Q

Daughter cells

A

the cells that are formed after cell division

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8
Q

Deletion

A

the removal or obliteration of written or printed matter, especially by drawing a line through it.

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9
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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10
Q

DNA

A

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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11
Q

Fertilization

A

the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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12
Q

Frameshift

A

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.

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13
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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14
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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15
Q

Gene mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different. It creates a permanent change to that gene’s DNA sequence.

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16
Q

Genetic code

A

the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein. Each gene’s code uses the four nucleotide bases

17
Q

Genetic variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

18
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

19
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

20
Q

Independent Assortment

A

a genetic principle that states that the alleles of two genes will segregate into daughter cells independent of one another

21
Q

Insertion

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

22
Q

Meiosis 1

A

a type of cell division unique to germ cells

23
Q

Meiosis 2

A

the sister chromatids within the two daughter cells separate, forming four new haploid gametes

24
Q

Monosomy

A

the condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one (usually the X) chromosome lacks its homologous partner.

25
Q

Mutagen

A

an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation.

26
Q

Mutation

A

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

27
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

28
Q

Offspring

A

a person’s child or children.

29
Q

Parent cell

A

A cell that is the source of other cells,

30
Q

Point mutation

A

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

31
Q

Replication

A

the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules

32
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

33
Q

Somatic cell

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

34
Q

Substitution

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

35
Q

Trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

36
Q

Trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

37
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

Biology (7 decks)

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