unit 3 list 2 DNA and Heredity Flashcards
allele
One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome
centromere
The region of the chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during cell division
chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
chromosome
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell
codon
a sequence of three nucleotide bases/letters in a DNA or RNA strand, that is a part of the genetic code.
crossing over
a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up
daughter cell
the cells that are formed after cell division
deletion
the process of erasing or removing something
diploid
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair
DNA
a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual
fertilization
The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum
frameshift
the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three
gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
gene
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child
gene mutation
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different
genetic code
the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein
genetic variation
the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population
haploid
the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
homologous chromosome
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical.
independent assortment
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical
insertion
A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA
meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
meiosis I
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
meiosis II
the second division in meiosis in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into daughter cells
monosomy
the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells
mutagena
a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations
mutation
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosome
offspring
children or young of a particular parent or progenitor
parent cell
A cell that is the source of other cells
point mutation
change within a gene in which one base pair in the DNA sequence is altered.
replication
copy, reproduction
sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
somatic cell
any type cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction
substitution
the act, process, or result of substituting one thing for another
trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells
trait
a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has
