cell Energy Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemical
Light Reactions
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll
a pigment that gives plants their green color
Photosynthesis
A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, when they are exposed to sunlight
Calvin cycle
the cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and in many bacteria
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
NADPH
represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
Pigment
a substance that gives color to other materials
Granum
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
the tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves
Carbon Fixation
the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms
Heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
Thylakoids
membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
Carotenoids
pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
Mitochondrial matrix
the inner space surrounded by the mitochondrial inner membrane
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
Fermentation
the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance
NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Alcoholic fermentation
a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen
Anaerobic respiration
occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
the process by which cells derive energy from glucose
Krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP
