Unit 3 Learning Part 2 Flashcards
WHAT ARE THE BASIC
CONTINGENCIES IN OPERANT
CONDITIONING?
reinforcement and punishment
If the response becomes more frequent or more likely to occur then the contingency is ______
reinforcement
If the response becomes less likely to occur then the contingency is ______
punishment
If I reinforce your behavior, what happens?
the behavior increases
If I punish your behavior, what happens?
the behavior decreases
In presenting respondent conditioning the emphasis was on _____ and those circumstances when the ____, either UCS or CS, causes the ____ to respond.
elicitation; stimulus; subject
As we shift our focus to operant conditioning the behavior is emitted and the stimulus is a ____ rather than the ____.
consequence; cause
CAN A “COGNITIVE” PROCESS BE
EXPLAINED BY BEHAVIORAL
PROCESSES?
Thus, the behavioral model argues, even the most “cognitive” phenomenon concept formation, can be explained behaviorally without resorting to “thought.”; Yet, somehow the pigeons, through specific behavioral interactions with the environment began to act guided by the “concept.”
SUMMARIZE THE PROCEDURE, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION OF SELIGMAN’S STUDY OF “LEARNED HELPLESSNESS.”
Seligman placed dogs in shuttle box. Shocked them through floor and they jumped over hurdle wall to escape. He then tried to use pre-conditioning to teach avoidance. Shut door. Sounded tone then shocked. Pre-conditioned dogs to expect shock after tone. They idea was they would jump away once door was open and tone sounded. Nope. Learned helplessness. 2/3 of subjects.
APPLY “LEARNED HELPLESSNESS.”
TO REAL LIFE SCENARIOS.
Imagine a woman living with a hostile abusive spouse. She comes to the hospital repeatedly with injuries from his abuse. She is repeatedly advised by family, teachers, ministers, etc to go to the shelter to escape the abuse. Time and time she returns to the abusive spouse. Imagine her life day to day. Her spouse is coming home so she prepares his favorite meal. He gets upset because she spent time and money on the meal and beats her. Her spouse is coming home so she cleans everything carefully and waits patiently. He gets upset that these is no meal and beats her. No matter what she tries she can’t avoid the beatings.
APPLY SIGNALLED AVOIDANCE AND PUNISHMENT
TO A REAL LIFE SCENARIO.
a couple who do not get along struggle with breaking up, reuniting, and repeating the cycle over and over
The laboratory analog to the “yo yo” couple.
Though reunion is punishing it is also reinforced by escaping from the signals associated with loneliness.
ARE THERE EXCEPTIONS TO THE PREDICTIONS OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT?
yes: latent learning & cognitive map
SUMMARIZE THE PROCEDURE, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION OF TOLMAN’S STUDIES OF “LATENT LEARNING.”
Tolman (1948) and latent learning:
This experiment used the 14-unit T-maze and two control groups:
HNR never found food in the maze
HR found food on every trial (HR).
HNR-R (the experimental group) found food at the end of the maze starting on trials 11. HNR-R showed latent learning–they applied what they already knew as soon as they were given reinforcement.
