Unit 3: Human Physiology Flashcards
Mouth - Function
Teeth grind up food PD.
Salivary glands make saliva that lunricates food and breaks down starch CD.
Esophagus Structure
Long muscular tube
Esophagus function
Food travels from mouth to stomach using peristalsis PD
Stomach structure
Muscular J shapes organ with 3 layers of muscle
Stomach Function
Churns food PD. Mixes food together with acid and pepsin which starts to digest protien CD
Liver structure
Largest organ of the body
Liver function
Produces bile which emulsified fat CD. Breaks down toxins that are absorbed by the digestive system CD.
Gall bladder structure
Small organ attached to the liver.
What is the gallbladder connected to?
The duodenum and is connected by the bile duct
Gallbladder function
Stores bile which is part of CD
Pancreas structure
Small organ between stomach and duodenum. Connected to stomach via the pancreatic duct
Pancreas function
Creates and secretes digestive enzymes including trypsin CD. Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme CD
Small intestine structure
7m long tube consisting of duodenum, jejunem and illium. Very high surface area because of villi and microvilli
Small intestine function
Primary site of Complete digestion as well as absorption of nutrients CD. Digested food diffuses through villi to bloodstream.
Large intestine structure
Thick tube (8cm diameter) consists of Cecum Colon rectum and anus
Large intestine function
Reabsorbs water from other leftover indigestible material CD. Has bacteria that further digests and allows the absorption of certain nutrients and vitamins CD
Mouth - Structure
Contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands
Amylase where it’s active and produced
Active in mouth and small intestine. Produced in salivary glands and pancreas
Amylase function
Breaks down starches into monosaccharides
Pepsin produced and active
Active and produced in stomach
Pepsin function
Breaks down protiens in to polypeptides
Bile active and produced
Active in small intestine produced by liver
Bile function.
Emulsified fat to increase SA and increase digestion
Secretin active and produced
Active in liver and pancreas and produced in small intestine
Secretin function
Stimulates liver to create more bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Lipases active and produced
Active small intestine produced in pancreas
Lipases function
Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
CCK active and produced
Active in pancreas and produced in small intestine
Bicarbonate ions active and produced
Active in small intestines and produced in pancreas
CCK function
Signals release for pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate ions
Bicarbonate ions function
Decrease pH of acidic chyme to protect from acidic chyme
Trypsin produced and active in
Produced and active in small intestine.
Trypsin function
Breaks down protiens into amino acids continuing from where pepsin left off
Biomolecular components of cellular respiration. Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + thermal energy
Innervation of the heart
Sa node - Av node - purkunje fibers
2 parts of blood pressure
Systolic/ diastolic
Normal healthy blood pressure
120/80
Diastolic pressure
Relaxation and filling of the heart with blood
Systolic blood pressure
Contraction and emptying of the heart
How does an EKG work?
Electrodes are placed on the skin and the current flows through the tissue and into the electrodes where it travels onto a computer
Stages of normal sinus rhythm
- Current flows from atrium to ventricle causing atria to contract. 2. Short period of neutrality. 3. Ventricles contract as current flows from the bottom upwards to the atria.
Total Lung Capacity TLC
Max amount of air that can be inhaled during a single breath
Tidal volume TV
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during an involuntary breath
Inspiratory reserve volume IRV
The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume ERV
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
Residual volume RV
Volume of air in lungs after a forced exhale
Vital capacity VC
Mac amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled
What is respiration efficiency?
Maximum rate at which oxygen is used
How is respiration efficiency measures?
Using a spirometer
What makes O2 and CO2 go in and out of your body
1 the SA of the respiratory membrane 2the concentration of the gas on either side of the membrane
Partial pressure
The pressure of each of the individual gases that make up the total pressure of a mixture of gases
Asthma description
Long term inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. Swelling and redness of tissue. Makes bronchi narrow and causes difficulty breathing
Causes asthma
Inherited. Or triggered by allergies.
Treatment asthma
No cure. Use puffer
COPD description
Long term combo of bronchitis and emphysema. Bronchitis is inflammation of airway and emphysema is damaged alveoli that reduce gas exchange
COPD causes
Cigarette exposure or prolonged exposure to a pollutant
COPD treatment
No cure. Some meds alleviate symptoms. In a severe case a lung transplant
Influenza description
Can infect entire body or just lungs Very contagious. They make vaccines against it
Influenza causes
A virus. New strains are always mutating like swine flu
Influenza treatment
Antiviral medication. Most people recover with no meds.
Tuberculosis description
No obvious symptoms. Infection is inactive unless in an immunocompromised person. Very contagious
Tuberculosis causes
Bacteria. Spread thru body fluids
TB treatment
Antibiotics for some strands but some are resistant. Vaccine has been developed
Pneumonia description
Inflammation of lining of bronchi. Pus and mucus accumulate a lot and reduces gas exchange. Common in the weak
Pneumonia cause
Bacteria virus or fungus
Pneumonia treatment
Bacteria - antibiotics Viral - antivirals fungus - anti fungal
Cystic fibrosis description
Mucus of respiratory tract clogs the airway. Causes issues in GI tract. Makes you more susceptible to other infections bc mucus holds bacteria
Cystic fibrosis cause
Hereditary. Autosomal recessive disorder.
Autosomal recessive disorder
Patients must receive 2 recessive genes from both parents
Cystic fibrosis treatment
No cure. Treatment can improve quality of life
Why does the heart have an electrical current?
The movement of ions across the cell membrane of muscle cells
Digestive system simple organism
Simple digestive sac wi h one opening into gastrovascular cavity. Both opening and exit for food. Broken down nutrients are absorbed into cell linings and diffused to other parts of the body
Digestive system complex organism
2 openings. One for injection and one for Egestion. Organized special regions that enable the breakdown of different food groups as it moves along in one direction
Physical digestion
Breaks food into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion
When food is broken down by enzymes into simpler nutrients for the body to use
Simple respiratory system
O2 diffuses directly from environment thru the cell membrane into cells.
Complex respiratory system
Gas exchange occurs in lungs and body cells. In lungs oxygen diffuses from air into bloodstream. Then from blood to cells
Ventilation
The process of moving O2 rich air to the lungs and CO2 rich air away from the lungs
Mouth/Nose structure
Has tiny hairs and mucus that filter out and trap tiny dust particles
Mouth/nose function
Warms and moistens hair. Air enters respiratory system here. Makes sure respiratory membrane isn’t damaged
Pharynx structure
A pouch where air and food passes through at the back of the throat. Epiglottis opens to allow air to pass thru.
Pharynx function
Allows air to travel thru
Trachea structure
Semi rigid tube of soft tissue wrapped around c shaped bonds of cartilage.
What does cartilage do in the trachea
It reinforces the trachea
What is trachea lined with?
Mucus producing cells and cilia
Trachea function
Mucus traps dust. Cilia sweep mucus upwards to be swallowed or coughed up
Bronchi structure
Trachea branches off into 2 bronchi
Bronchi function
Transport and allow air to flow to alveoli
Bronchioles structure
Bronchi branch off into many bronchioles
Bronchioles structure
Transport and allow air to flow to Alveoli
Alveoli structure
Located at end of bronchioles. 150 million in each lung and each is covered with a capillary. Would cover area of tennis court
Alveoli function
Allows for gas exchange. Respiratory membrane surrounds this and is only one cell thick
Ventilation and air flow
Air flows from an area of high pressure to low pressure. When lower in lungs air flows in. When pressure lower out of body air flows out
Diaphragm during inhalation
Contracts which shortens and flattens ribs. Increases volume of lungs which decreases volume so air flows in
Diaphragm during exhalation
Relaxes and pushes up on lungs which decreases volume and increases pressure so air flows out
Intercostal muscles inhalation
Contracts and pulls ribs upwards. Works with diaphragm to increase volume and decrease pressure so air flows in
Intercostal muscles exhalation
Relax and ribs return to normal position. Air rushes out
Oxygen transport in the body
Partial pressure is lower in alveoli than in air so air flows in. Then p pressure is lower in blood so diffuses there then to interstitial fluid then to cells
Co2 transport in body
Opposite of oxygen. Co2 goes from cells to interitial fluid to blood to lungs then out of body. Co2 turns into carbonic acid them into co2 when it hits the lungs again
T lymphocytes
Mature in thymus. Destroy infected cells to break reproductive cycle of pathogen
B lymphocytes
Form in bone marrow. Produce antibodies and ensure long term immunity
Primary immune response
1st exposure. No protection. So antibody production is small and delayed
Secondary immune response
2nd exposure to antibody. Antibody production is immediate and in large amounts
4 steps in major immune response
Invader identification stage, cloning stage, attack stage, slowdown/ memory stage
Invader identification stage (immune response)
Histamine is released by leukocyte a to increase blood flow. This is why there is swelling and redness at sight of infection . Pus forms and pathogen antigens display on the surface
Cloning stage (immune response)
T helper cell receptor site binds to antigen on macrophages. Chemicals released result in cloning of T helper cells. Causes T killer cells and B cells to clone
Attack stage ( immune response)
T killer cell punctures infected cell. Stops replication. B cells make antibody to bind on surface of pathogen. Plasma makes antibodies that bind antigens
Slow down/ memory stage (immune response)
T surpressor cells slow down immune response. Memory B cells are made to defend if the pathogen comes back. If it mutates at all the memory B cells are useless
Steps in blood clotting 6 steps
Blood vessel injury, platelets attracted to area, platelets rupture and release chemicals that combine with clotting agents to make thromboplastin, thromboplastin converts thrombin to prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin forms a net that traps all the blood and clots it.
Acquired active immunity
Antibody protection
Natural Acquired active immunity
From the immune system fighting a disease like measles
Artificial Acquired active immunity
Vaccines are given and body produces antibodies
Acquired passive immunity
No antibody protection
Natural Acquired passive immunity
Mothers antibodies diffuses across placenta to protect fetus from pathogen
Artificial Acquired passive immunity
Aka antivenom. It is an antibody produced by haze. Given to a snake bite victim
Macrophage
Phagocytosis of pathogen
Circulation in worms
Closed system. Blood is the medium. 5 dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Aortic arches pump the blood
Circulation in fish
Closed system with blood as medium. Unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood thru 2 chambered heart
Circulation in mammals
Closed system with blood as medium. Bidirectional flow of blood thru the 2 chambered heart
Different types of transport systems
Simplest Worm with aortic arches - fish with 2 chambered heart - human with 4 chambered heart complex
Types of leukocytes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes example
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophils
Granulocytes description
Have granules in the cytoplasm that contain an enzyme and chemicals that destruct anything that infects you
Agranulocytes example
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Agranulocytes description
No granules in them. Use phagocytosis to kill things. They move into tissue and become macrophages. They engulf pathogens and die to form pus at the site of infection
Varicose veins
Valves loose elasticity and blood pools in legs
Phlebitis
Inflammation of veins
Hemoroids
Varicose veins in rectum
DVT deep vein thrombosis
Blood clot deep in body
AV fistula
Odd connection between artery and veins. Less delivery of oxygen. Occurs because of stabbing or shooting
Vein
Flows towards the heart. Dark red colour. 70% O2 content.
Vein walls
Thin and less muscular less elastic with very large lumen
Artery
Flows away from heart. Blood is bright red. 97% oxygen content
Artery walls
Thick muscular elastic with a small lumen
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Plaque forms a calcium build up
Aneurysm
Bulging arterial wall. In a weak spot it may burst
Capillary
Link between artery and vein. Blood is purple pink.
Capillary walls
1 cell thick. Lumen is the size of one rbc
Capillary hemorrhagic syndrome
Genetic, fatal. Weak capillaries in skin and mucus membrane and in organs it is fatal.
PQRST WAVE
P
Depolarization of current over atria Atria contract
PQRST WAVE
QRS
Depoliticization. Current passes over ventricles. Ventricles contract.
PQRST WAVE
T
Repolorization. Ventricles contract
Equation for vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume + total capacity + expiration reserve volume
Equation for total lung capacity
Inspiration reserve volume + tidal capacity + exploratory reserve volume + residual volume OR vital capacity + reserve volume
Structure hemoglobin
280 million in each RBC. Each molecule has 4 iron atoms and each has a binding cite for the bonding of an O2 molecule
What determines if O2 is picked up or dropped off?
The acidity or concentration of O2 in the blood in this area
How carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
9% dissolved in plasma 40-45% combined with hemoglobin 50% bicarbonate ions create reaction to keep CO2 levels low
Equation with CO2
H20 + CO2 -> H2CO3 -> H + HCO3
Red blood clews when they die
Only live 3-4 months. 1-2 million are replaced every minute in bone marrow.
Where do old rbc’s breakdown
The liver. The iron is recycled. As well as amino acids
What makes bone marrow produce more rbc’s?
When a person is at higher elevation for a long period of time
Major components of blood
44% red blood cells
1% white blood cells
55% Plasma
Red blood cells another name
Erythrocytes
Red blood cell
No nucleus. Bio concave disc. Produced in bone marrow. 8un diameter and 2un depth
White blood cells another name
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Produced in bone marrow spleen and lymph glands. Colourless. Life span varies and numbers based on infection. Nucleus
Function of WBCs.
Produce antibodies and clone them
Platelets
Cell fragments with no uncles. Live 7-8 days. 2um big. Produced in bone marrow. Used in the clotting of blood.
Plasma
The fluid portion of blood. Contains waste materials such as electrolytes nutrients hormones antibodies and enzymes
Serum
Plasma without clotting factors
What is plasma made of
92% water
7% protien
1% water
Sphincter at bottom of stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Sphincter at top of stomachs
Cardiac sphincter
Names of salivary glands
Submandibular, sublingual, parotid
Ridges that line the stomach
Rugae
