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SBI 3UI > Unit 3: Human Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Mouth - Function

A

Teeth grind up food PD.

Salivary glands make saliva that lunricates food and breaks down starch CD.

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2
Q

Esophagus Structure

A

Long muscular tube

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3
Q

Esophagus function

A

Food travels from mouth to stomach using peristalsis PD

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4
Q

Stomach structure

A

Muscular J shapes organ with 3 layers of muscle

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5
Q

Stomach Function

A

Churns food PD. Mixes food together with acid and pepsin which starts to digest protien CD

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6
Q

Liver structure

A

Largest organ of the body

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7
Q

Liver function

A

Produces bile which emulsified fat CD. Breaks down toxins that are absorbed by the digestive system CD.

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8
Q

Gall bladder structure

A

Small organ attached to the liver.

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9
Q

What is the gallbladder connected to?

A

The duodenum and is connected by the bile duct

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10
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores bile which is part of CD

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11
Q

Pancreas structure

A

Small organ between stomach and duodenum. Connected to stomach via the pancreatic duct

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12
Q

Pancreas function

A

Creates and secretes digestive enzymes including trypsin CD. Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme CD

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13
Q

Small intestine structure

A

7m long tube consisting of duodenum, jejunem and illium. Very high surface area because of villi and microvilli

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14
Q

Small intestine function

A

Primary site of Complete digestion as well as absorption of nutrients CD. Digested food diffuses through villi to bloodstream.

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15
Q

Large intestine structure

A

Thick tube (8cm diameter) consists of Cecum Colon rectum and anus

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16
Q

Large intestine function

A

Reabsorbs water from other leftover indigestible material CD. Has bacteria that further digests and allows the absorption of certain nutrients and vitamins CD

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17
Q

Mouth - Structure

A

Contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands

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18
Q

Amylase where it’s active and produced

A

Active in mouth and small intestine. Produced in salivary glands and pancreas

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19
Q

Amylase function

A

Breaks down starches into monosaccharides

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20
Q

Pepsin produced and active

A

Active and produced in stomach

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21
Q

Pepsin function

A

Breaks down protiens in to polypeptides

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22
Q

Bile active and produced

A

Active in small intestine produced by liver

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23
Q

Bile function.

A

Emulsified fat to increase SA and increase digestion

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24
Q

Secretin active and produced

A

Active in liver and pancreas and produced in small intestine

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25
Q

Secretin function

A

Stimulates liver to create more bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

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26
Q

Lipases active and produced

A

Active small intestine produced in pancreas

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27
Q

Lipases function

A

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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28
Q

CCK active and produced

A

Active in pancreas and produced in small intestine

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29
Q

Bicarbonate ions active and produced

A

Active in small intestines and produced in pancreas

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30
Q

CCK function

A

Signals release for pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate ions

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31
Q

Bicarbonate ions function

A

Decrease pH of acidic chyme to protect from acidic chyme

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32
Q

Trypsin produced and active in

A

Produced and active in small intestine.

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33
Q

Trypsin function

A

Breaks down protiens into amino acids continuing from where pepsin left off

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34
Q

Biomolecular components of cellular respiration. Equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + thermal energy

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35
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

Sa node - Av node - purkunje fibers

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36
Q

2 parts of blood pressure

A

Systolic/ diastolic

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37
Q

Normal healthy blood pressure

A

120/80

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38
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Relaxation and filling of the heart with blood

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39
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Contraction and emptying of the heart

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40
Q

How does an EKG work?

A

Electrodes are placed on the skin and the current flows through the tissue and into the electrodes where it travels onto a computer

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41
Q

Stages of normal sinus rhythm

A
  1. Current flows from atrium to ventricle causing atria to contract. 2. Short period of neutrality. 3. Ventricles contract as current flows from the bottom upwards to the atria.
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42
Q

Total Lung Capacity TLC

A

Max amount of air that can be inhaled during a single breath

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43
Q

Tidal volume TV

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during an involuntary breath

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44
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

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45
Q

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

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46
Q

Residual volume RV

A

Volume of air in lungs after a forced exhale

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47
Q

Vital capacity VC

A

Mac amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled

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48
Q

What is respiration efficiency?

A

Maximum rate at which oxygen is used

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49
Q

How is respiration efficiency measures?

A

Using a spirometer

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50
Q

What makes O2 and CO2 go in and out of your body

A

1 the SA of the respiratory membrane 2the concentration of the gas on either side of the membrane

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51
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure of each of the individual gases that make up the total pressure of a mixture of gases

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52
Q

Asthma description

A

Long term inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. Swelling and redness of tissue. Makes bronchi narrow and causes difficulty breathing

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53
Q

Causes asthma

A

Inherited. Or triggered by allergies.

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54
Q

Treatment asthma

A

No cure. Use puffer

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55
Q

COPD description

A

Long term combo of bronchitis and emphysema. Bronchitis is inflammation of airway and emphysema is damaged alveoli that reduce gas exchange

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56
Q

COPD causes

A

Cigarette exposure or prolonged exposure to a pollutant

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57
Q

COPD treatment

A

No cure. Some meds alleviate symptoms. In a severe case a lung transplant

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58
Q

Influenza description

A

Can infect entire body or just lungs Very contagious. They make vaccines against it

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59
Q

Influenza causes

A

A virus. New strains are always mutating like swine flu

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60
Q

Influenza treatment

A

Antiviral medication. Most people recover with no meds.

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61
Q

Tuberculosis description

A

No obvious symptoms. Infection is inactive unless in an immunocompromised person. Very contagious

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62
Q

Tuberculosis causes

A

Bacteria. Spread thru body fluids

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63
Q

TB treatment

A

Antibiotics for some strands but some are resistant. Vaccine has been developed

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64
Q

Pneumonia description

A

Inflammation of lining of bronchi. Pus and mucus accumulate a lot and reduces gas exchange. Common in the weak

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65
Q

Pneumonia cause

A

Bacteria virus or fungus

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66
Q

Pneumonia treatment

A

Bacteria - antibiotics Viral - antivirals fungus - anti fungal

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67
Q

Cystic fibrosis description

A

Mucus of respiratory tract clogs the airway. Causes issues in GI tract. Makes you more susceptible to other infections bc mucus holds bacteria

68
Q

Cystic fibrosis cause

A

Hereditary. Autosomal recessive disorder.

69
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder

A

Patients must receive 2 recessive genes from both parents

70
Q

Cystic fibrosis treatment

A

No cure. Treatment can improve quality of life

71
Q

Why does the heart have an electrical current?

A

The movement of ions across the cell membrane of muscle cells

72
Q

Digestive system simple organism

A

Simple digestive sac wi h one opening into gastrovascular cavity. Both opening and exit for food. Broken down nutrients are absorbed into cell linings and diffused to other parts of the body

73
Q

Digestive system complex organism

A

2 openings. One for injection and one for Egestion. Organized special regions that enable the breakdown of different food groups as it moves along in one direction

74
Q

Physical digestion

A

Breaks food into smaller pieces

75
Q

Chemical digestion

A

When food is broken down by enzymes into simpler nutrients for the body to use

76
Q

Simple respiratory system

A

O2 diffuses directly from environment thru the cell membrane into cells.

77
Q

Complex respiratory system

A

Gas exchange occurs in lungs and body cells. In lungs oxygen diffuses from air into bloodstream. Then from blood to cells

78
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of moving O2 rich air to the lungs and CO2 rich air away from the lungs

79
Q

Mouth/Nose structure

A

Has tiny hairs and mucus that filter out and trap tiny dust particles

80
Q

Mouth/nose function

A

Warms and moistens hair. Air enters respiratory system here. Makes sure respiratory membrane isn’t damaged

81
Q

Pharynx structure

A

A pouch where air and food passes through at the back of the throat. Epiglottis opens to allow air to pass thru.

82
Q

Pharynx function

A

Allows air to travel thru

83
Q

Trachea structure

A

Semi rigid tube of soft tissue wrapped around c shaped bonds of cartilage.

84
Q

What does cartilage do in the trachea

A

It reinforces the trachea

85
Q

What is trachea lined with?

A

Mucus producing cells and cilia

86
Q

Trachea function

A

Mucus traps dust. Cilia sweep mucus upwards to be swallowed or coughed up

87
Q

Bronchi structure

A

Trachea branches off into 2 bronchi

88
Q

Bronchi function

A

Transport and allow air to flow to alveoli

89
Q

Bronchioles structure

A

Bronchi branch off into many bronchioles

90
Q

Bronchioles structure

A

Transport and allow air to flow to Alveoli

91
Q

Alveoli structure

A

Located at end of bronchioles. 150 million in each lung and each is covered with a capillary. Would cover area of tennis court

92
Q

Alveoli function

A

Allows for gas exchange. Respiratory membrane surrounds this and is only one cell thick

93
Q

Ventilation and air flow

A

Air flows from an area of high pressure to low pressure. When lower in lungs air flows in. When pressure lower out of body air flows out

94
Q

Diaphragm during inhalation

A

Contracts which shortens and flattens ribs. Increases volume of lungs which decreases volume so air flows in

95
Q

Diaphragm during exhalation

A

Relaxes and pushes up on lungs which decreases volume and increases pressure so air flows out

96
Q

Intercostal muscles inhalation

A

Contracts and pulls ribs upwards. Works with diaphragm to increase volume and decrease pressure so air flows in

97
Q

Intercostal muscles exhalation

A

Relax and ribs return to normal position. Air rushes out

98
Q

Oxygen transport in the body

A

Partial pressure is lower in alveoli than in air so air flows in. Then p pressure is lower in blood so diffuses there then to interstitial fluid then to cells

99
Q

Co2 transport in body

A

Opposite of oxygen. Co2 goes from cells to interitial fluid to blood to lungs then out of body. Co2 turns into carbonic acid them into co2 when it hits the lungs again

100
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Mature in thymus. Destroy infected cells to break reproductive cycle of pathogen

101
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Form in bone marrow. Produce antibodies and ensure long term immunity

102
Q

Primary immune response

A

1st exposure. No protection. So antibody production is small and delayed

103
Q

Secondary immune response

A

2nd exposure to antibody. Antibody production is immediate and in large amounts

104
Q

4 steps in major immune response

A

Invader identification stage, cloning stage, attack stage, slowdown/ memory stage

105
Q

Invader identification stage (immune response)

A

Histamine is released by leukocyte a to increase blood flow. This is why there is swelling and redness at sight of infection . Pus forms and pathogen antigens display on the surface

106
Q

Cloning stage (immune response)

A

T helper cell receptor site binds to antigen on macrophages. Chemicals released result in cloning of T helper cells. Causes T killer cells and B cells to clone

107
Q

Attack stage ( immune response)

A

T killer cell punctures infected cell. Stops replication. B cells make antibody to bind on surface of pathogen. Plasma makes antibodies that bind antigens

108
Q

Slow down/ memory stage (immune response)

A

T surpressor cells slow down immune response. Memory B cells are made to defend if the pathogen comes back. If it mutates at all the memory B cells are useless

109
Q

Steps in blood clotting 6 steps

A

Blood vessel injury, platelets attracted to area, platelets rupture and release chemicals that combine with clotting agents to make thromboplastin, thromboplastin converts thrombin to prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin forms a net that traps all the blood and clots it.

110
Q

Acquired active immunity

A

Antibody protection

111
Q

Natural Acquired active immunity

A

From the immune system fighting a disease like measles

112
Q

Artificial Acquired active immunity

A

Vaccines are given and body produces antibodies

113
Q

Acquired passive immunity

A

No antibody protection

114
Q

Natural Acquired passive immunity

A

Mothers antibodies diffuses across placenta to protect fetus from pathogen

115
Q

Artificial Acquired passive immunity

A

Aka antivenom. It is an antibody produced by haze. Given to a snake bite victim

116
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytosis of pathogen

117
Q

Circulation in worms

A

Closed system. Blood is the medium. 5 dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Aortic arches pump the blood

118
Q

Circulation in fish

A

Closed system with blood as medium. Unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood thru 2 chambered heart

119
Q

Circulation in mammals

A

Closed system with blood as medium. Bidirectional flow of blood thru the 2 chambered heart

120
Q

Different types of transport systems

A

Simplest Worm with aortic arches - fish with 2 chambered heart - human with 4 chambered heart complex

121
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

122
Q

Granulocytes example

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophils

123
Q

Granulocytes description

A

Have granules in the cytoplasm that contain an enzyme and chemicals that destruct anything that infects you

124
Q

Agranulocytes example

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

125
Q

Agranulocytes description

A

No granules in them. Use phagocytosis to kill things. They move into tissue and become macrophages. They engulf pathogens and die to form pus at the site of infection

126
Q

Varicose veins

A

Valves loose elasticity and blood pools in legs

127
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of veins

128
Q

Hemoroids

A

Varicose veins in rectum

129
Q

DVT deep vein thrombosis

A

Blood clot deep in body

130
Q

AV fistula

A

Odd connection between artery and veins. Less delivery of oxygen. Occurs because of stabbing or shooting

131
Q

Vein

A

Flows towards the heart. Dark red colour. 70% O2 content.

132
Q

Vein walls

A

Thin and less muscular less elastic with very large lumen

133
Q

Artery

A

Flows away from heart. Blood is bright red. 97% oxygen content

134
Q

Artery walls

A

Thick muscular elastic with a small lumen

135
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries

136
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque forms a calcium build up

137
Q

Aneurysm

A

Bulging arterial wall. In a weak spot it may burst

138
Q

Capillary

A

Link between artery and vein. Blood is purple pink.

139
Q

Capillary walls

A

1 cell thick. Lumen is the size of one rbc

140
Q

Capillary hemorrhagic syndrome

A

Genetic, fatal. Weak capillaries in skin and mucus membrane and in organs it is fatal.

141
Q

PQRST WAVE

P

A

Depolarization of current over atria Atria contract

142
Q

PQRST WAVE

QRS

A

Depoliticization. Current passes over ventricles. Ventricles contract.

143
Q

PQRST WAVE

T

A

Repolorization. Ventricles contract

144
Q

Equation for vital capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + total capacity + expiration reserve volume

145
Q

Equation for total lung capacity

A

Inspiration reserve volume + tidal capacity + exploratory reserve volume + residual volume OR vital capacity + reserve volume

146
Q

Structure hemoglobin

A

280 million in each RBC. Each molecule has 4 iron atoms and each has a binding cite for the bonding of an O2 molecule

147
Q

What determines if O2 is picked up or dropped off?

A

The acidity or concentration of O2 in the blood in this area

148
Q

How carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

A

9% dissolved in plasma 40-45% combined with hemoglobin 50% bicarbonate ions create reaction to keep CO2 levels low

149
Q

Equation with CO2

A

H20 + CO2 -> H2CO3 -> H + HCO3

150
Q

Red blood clews when they die

A

Only live 3-4 months. 1-2 million are replaced every minute in bone marrow.

151
Q

Where do old rbc’s breakdown

A

The liver. The iron is recycled. As well as amino acids

152
Q

What makes bone marrow produce more rbc’s?

A

When a person is at higher elevation for a long period of time

153
Q

Major components of blood

A

44% red blood cells
1% white blood cells
55% Plasma

154
Q

Red blood cells another name

A

Erythrocytes

155
Q

Red blood cell

A

No nucleus. Bio concave disc. Produced in bone marrow. 8un diameter and 2un depth

156
Q

White blood cells another name

A

Leukocytes

157
Q

White blood cells

A

Produced in bone marrow spleen and lymph glands. Colourless. Life span varies and numbers based on infection. Nucleus

158
Q

Function of WBCs.

A

Produce antibodies and clone them

159
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments with no uncles. Live 7-8 days. 2um big. Produced in bone marrow. Used in the clotting of blood.

160
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of blood. Contains waste materials such as electrolytes nutrients hormones antibodies and enzymes

161
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

162
Q

What is plasma made of

A

92% water
7% protien
1% water

163
Q

Sphincter at bottom of stomach

A

Pyloric sphincter

164
Q

Sphincter at top of stomachs

A

Cardiac sphincter

165
Q

Names of salivary glands

A

Submandibular, sublingual, parotid

166
Q

Ridges that line the stomach

A

Rugae

SBI 3UI (6 decks)

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