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SBI 3UI > Unit 2- Diversity > Flashcards

Unit 2- Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between 2 species that live in very close association whereby each benefits from the association

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

A substance that can kill or weaken microorganisms. Natural antibodies are produced by bacteria or fungi. Whereas synthetic antibiotics are manufactured

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3
Q

Plasmid

A

A small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells. Usually contains a small number of genes

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4
Q

Capsule

A

An outer layer on some bacteria provides some protection for the cell

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5
Q

Cocci (coccus)

A

Round bacteria cell

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6
Q

Bacilli (bacillus)

A

A rod shapes bacteria cell

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7
Q

Spirilli (spirillum)

A

A spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria cell

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8
Q

Inorganic chemical

A

A chemical with an abiotic origin. Some simple substances produced by organisms are also called inorganic

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9
Q

Organic chemical

A

In bio is any chemical that contains carbon and is produced by living things. Exception co2 which is produced during respiration but is inorganic

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10
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

An organism that needs oxygen to live

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11
Q

Facultative aerobe

A

An organism that can live with or without oxygen

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12
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

An organism that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen

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13
Q

Binary fission

A

The division of one parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Asexual reproduction

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14
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing agent. Often a virus or microorganism

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15
Q

Conjunction

A

Sexual reproduction where 2 cells join to exchange genetic info

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16
Q

Transformation

A

Process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment

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17
Q

Endospore

A

A dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress. Protects the cells chromosomes from damage

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18
Q

The 3 domains

A

Eubacteria archaea eukaryotes

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19
Q

Domain

A

Highest taxonomic level

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20
Q

Bison (Buffalo)

A

Bison bison

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21
Q

Moose

A

Alces alces

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22
Q

Skunk

A

Mephitis mephitis

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23
Q

Killer whale

A

Orcinus orca

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24
Q

House mouse

A

Mus musculus

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25
Q

Jaguar

A

Felis onca

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26
Q

Gnathostome

A

A vertebrae that has a mouth with jaws

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27
Q

Agnatha

A

A vertebrae that has a mouth without jaws

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28
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and plant root

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29
Q

Hyphae

A

A thin filament that makes up the body of a fungus

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30
Q

Mycelium

A

Branched mass of hyphae

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31
Q

Haustoria

A

Slender projection from hyphae of a parasitic fungus enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissue of its host and absorb nutrients from it

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32
Q

Viroid

A

Very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for serious diseases in plants. No capsid. Destroy entire crops such as potatoes and coconuts

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33
Q

Prions

A

Abnormally shaped protien responsible for brain diseases of mammals. The prions interact with normal proteins and cause them to change shape and become abnormal and infectious. Then the brain is full of spongy holes.

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34
Q

How do you get infected by a prion?

A

By eating the infected tissue of another animal

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35
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Symmetry around a central axis. Can cut it anyway and it will still be symmetrical

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36
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Symmetry around a midline. Can only cut one way.

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37
Q

Vertebrae

A

An animal with a backbone or notochord.

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38
Q

Notochord

A

Flexible round found in some chordates. In most modern chordates it is replaced by vertebrae during embryotic stage

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39
Q

Invertebrate

A

An animal that doesn’t have a backbone. Most animal species are these

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40
Q

Germ layer

A

One of 3 layers that form during embryonic development in most animals

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41
Q

Coelom

A

A body cavity present in some animals contains the internal organs.

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42
Q

Protosome

A

Animal with bilateral symmetry. In embryonic stage the mouth forms before the anus

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43
Q

Deuterostome

A

Animal with bilateral symmetry. Anus forms before the mouth

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44
Q

4 organisms in the kingdom fungi

A

Deuteromycotes, ascomycotes, basidiomycotes, zygomycotes

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45
Q

Deuteromycotes

A

Penicillium mould. Makes raquefort cheese. No sexual reproduction so called imperfect fungi.

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46
Q

Ascomycotes

A

Sac fungi. Yeast. Truffle. Small finger like sacs develop during reproduction

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47
Q

Basidiomycotes

A

Mushrooms puff balls. Parasitic on agricultural crops. Basidia line the gills. Club fungi

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48
Q

Zygomycotes

A

Bread moulds. Rhizoids secrete enzyme to digest food. Nutrients are then absorbed, downward growing hyphae

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49
Q

3 major groups of archaea

A

Methanogens halophiles thermoacidophiles

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50
Q

Methanogens

A

Live in oxygen free environments. (Marshes) use co2 n2 or h2s as energy source. Give off methane as waste product

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51
Q

Halophiles

A

Like saline conditions. Up to 15%. The sea is 3.5%. Can’t survive in weaker salt solutions

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52
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

Like hot and acidic environments. (Volcano deep sea vents) sulphur is source of energy. Best growth at temps above 80 degrees Celsius

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53
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species

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54
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups

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55
Q

Clade

A

Taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

56
Q

Classes in phylum Arthropoda

A

Insecta Crustacea Arachnida

57
Q

Insecta

A

Biggest and most successful animal group. Compound eyes. Body has 3 parts: head thorax and abdomen. 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax. Most have wings and undergo metamorphosis ARTHROPODA

58
Q

Crustacea

A

Hard shells with different types of appendages. 3 most eaten ones are lobster crab and fish ARTHROPODA

59
Q

Arachnida

A

Fused head and thorax called cephalothorax. 4 pairs of walking legs and pedipals. No antanae. ARTHROPODA

60
Q

What do arachnidas tear food apart with?

A

Cheliceral has poison in spiders

61
Q

Phylum mollusca classes

A

Bivalvia, gastropoda, Cephalopoda

62
Q

Bivalvia

A

Shells with 2 valves. Eat by filtering food. MOLUSCA

63
Q

How do clams move?

A

Muscular foot

64
Q

How do scallops move?

A

Flapping valve

65
Q

Gastropoda

A

Largest class of molluscs. Slow moving creatures with shells. Ex. Slug snail limpets conches midi ranches MOLUSCA

66
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Marine predators including squid octopus and cuttlefish. Fast moving and smart MOLUSSCA

67
Q

Phylum Chordata classes

A

Amphibia Chondrichthyes reptilia aves mammalia

68
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks and rays. Cartilage skeleton CHORDATA

69
Q

Amphibia

A

Salamanders frogs toads. Smooth and moist skin. Stay close to water to live and breathe. Porous skin allows gas exchange CHORDATA

70
Q

Reptilia

A

Lizard snake turtle. Waterproof and scaly skin. Ectothermic CHORDATA

71
Q

Ecothermic

A

Stay warm by sunning and stay cool by going in the shade

72
Q

Endothermic

A

Creates own heat and functions at high metabolic rates

73
Q

Aves

A

Feather, wings, and lightweight honeycombed bones for flight. Endothermic. Advanced nervous system and well developed vision and hearing CHORDATA

74
Q

Mammalia

A

Have hair. Nurse young with produced milk. Warm blooded with big brains. Acute vision and sense of smell. CHORDATA

75
Q

How do starfish eat?

A

Capture prey, hold prey to mouth, enzyme released to digest prey

76
Q

What are tube feet used for?

A

Move, gas exchange, and to diffuse waste

77
Q

Radula

A

Used to eat in molluscs. It’s a tongue organ that grinds food.

78
Q

Metabolic forms of bacteria

A

Photoautotrophs, photo heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

79
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light for E and CO2 as carbon source

80
Q

Photo heterotrophs

A

Light as E source. But need organic carbon sources like carbs and fats and alcohols

81
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

E from breaking down inorganic molecules like H2S and NH3. CO2 is carbon source

82
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic carbon like glucose for E and a carbon source

83
Q

Flagellum

A

Used for locomotion

84
Q

Cell wall in bacteria functions

A

Gives shape, prevents rupture, serves as anchorage point of flagella

85
Q

Fimbrae

A

Hair like structure. Short. Used for attachment

86
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Similar to eukaryotic membrane but less rigid

87
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Gelatinous layer outside cell wall. Forms capsule if firmly attached. Protects bacteria from host immune attack. Called slime layer if loosely attached

88
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Cell looks darker. Many layers of peptidoglycen that forms a thick single layered structure that holds gram stain

89
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Cell appears light. Only small amount of peptidoglycen. But harder to kill

90
Q

Viruses don’t fit into any of the kingdoms because

A

No cellular structure, no metabolism, don’t perform cellular respiration

91
Q

Structure of a virus

A

Inner Nucleic core of DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid. Capsid is 95 percent of virus and gives it its own particular coat

92
Q

4 shapes of viruses

A

Polyhedral, spherical, cylindrical, bacteriophage

93
Q

Polyhedral

A

Up o 20 sides. Small crystal. Polic virus

94
Q

Spherical

95
Q

Cylindrical

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

96
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Polyhedral head with tail fibers. T4 virus

97
Q

Provirus

A

Viral DNA that was inserted into host cell DNA. No symptoms so host is temporarily unaffected. Cold sore or HIV

98
Q

Benefit to being in provirus

A

Allows time for virus to reproduce without something trying to kill it

99
Q

Virus reproduction

A

Need receptor site on cell. Capsid and tail fit into a host perfect like a key and lock. This is what determines host.

100
Q

Endosytosis

A

When bacteriophage inserts DNA or RNA into host cell

101
Q

Genome of virus

A

DNA or RNA. Single r double stranded. Linear or circular.

102
Q

Oregon of virus

A

Evolved after 1st cell came into existence fragment of Nucleic acid escaped cells. Virus and host evolve together

103
Q

How big is a virus

A

20-400 nm. But are bigger than molecs. But still real small.

104
Q

Type of host range for a virus

A

Broad hosts but some narrow like common cold

105
Q

Viruses in biotechnology

A

Gene cloning where new genes are introduced to cells. Genes are recombined then inserted. Gene therapy research is occurring

106
Q

Cancer causing cells

A

Oncogenic cells. They have cancer causing viruses

107
Q

Different forms of viruses example

A

Hep B has uninfectious filament form but the polyhedral form is

108
Q

Animal Protists

A

Ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates, sarcudines,

109
Q

Plant Protists

A

Euglenophytes, chlorophytes, chrysophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes, dinoflagellates

110
Q

Fungi Protists

A

Acrasiomycotes, myxamycotes, oomycotes

111
Q

Ciliates

A

Phylum ciliophora

Paramecium

112
Q

Sporozoans

A

Phylum sporozoa

Plasmodium

113
Q

Flagellates

A

Phylum zoomastigophora

Tryganosoma (ASS)

114
Q

Sarcudines

A

Phylum sarcodina

Amoeba

115
Q

Euglenophytes

A

Phylum euglenophyta

Euglena

116
Q

Chlorophytes

A

Phylum chlorophyta

Green algae

117
Q

Chrysophytes

A

Phylum chrisophita

Diatoms (plankton)

118
Q

Phaeophytes

A

Phylum phaeophyta

Brown algae sea kelp

119
Q

Rhodophytes

A

Phylum rhodophyta

Red algae

120
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Phylum purrophyta

Red tide

121
Q

Acrasiomycotes

A

Phylum acraceomycotes

Cellular slime mould

122
Q

Myxamycotes

A

Phylum myxamycotes

Plasmodial slime mould

123
Q

Oomycotes

A 
Phylum oomycotes
Water mould (eww dead fish)
124
Q

Oncogenic

A

Cancer causing cell

125
Q

Osteichthyes

126
Q

Fungi

A 
Eukaryotic 
Cell wall with chitin and nucleus
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Mushrooms
127
Q

Archaea

A 
Prokaryotic
Cell wall with peptidoglycen 
Unicellular 
Hetero and autotrophic
Methanogens
128
Q

Eubacteria

A 
Prokaryotic
Cell wall with peptidoglycen 
Unicellular 
Heterotrophic and autotrophic 
E. coli
129
Q

Protists

A 
Eukaryotic
Nucleus membrane bound organelles some cell wall
Uni and multicellular
Heterotrophic and autotrophic 
Paramecium
130
Q

Plantae

A 
Eukaryotic 
Cell wall with cellulose 
Multicellular
Autotrophic  
Grass
131
Q

Animalia

A 
Eukaryotic 
No cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic 
Cat dog
132
Q

Reproductive strategies of bacteria

A

Asexually and sexually through conjugation

133
Q

Asexual bacteria reproduction

A

Split with binary fission every 20 minutes. Identical DNA as parent

134
Q

Conjugation

A

Less favourable conditions DNA is transported across a pilis. Reproduction of bacteria. Genetic variability

135
Q

Spore formation bacteria

A

Dormant phase to survive unfavourable conditions. Start to grow when conditions are favourable again

SBI 3UI (6 decks)

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