Unit 2- Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
Mutualism
A
A relationship between 2 species that live in very close association whereby each benefits from the association
2
Q
Antibiotic
A
A substance that can kill or weaken microorganisms. Natural antibodies are produced by bacteria or fungi. Whereas synthetic antibiotics are manufactured
3
Q
Plasmid
A
A small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells. Usually contains a small number of genes
4
Q
Capsule
A
An outer layer on some bacteria provides some protection for the cell
5
Q
Cocci (coccus)
A
Round bacteria cell
6
Q
Bacilli (bacillus)
A
A rod shapes bacteria cell
7
Q
Spirilli (spirillum)
A
A spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria cell
8
Q
Inorganic chemical
A
A chemical with an abiotic origin. Some simple substances produced by organisms are also called inorganic
9
Q
Organic chemical
A
In bio is any chemical that contains carbon and is produced by living things. Exception co2 which is produced during respiration but is inorganic
10
Q
Obligate aerobe
A
An organism that needs oxygen to live
11
Q
Facultative aerobe
A
An organism that can live with or without oxygen
12
Q
Obligate anaerobes
A
An organism that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen
13
Q
Binary fission
A
The division of one parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Asexual reproduction
14
Q
Pathogen
A
A disease causing agent. Often a virus or microorganism
15
Q
Conjunction
A
Sexual reproduction where 2 cells join to exchange genetic info
16
Q
Transformation
A
Process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment
17
Q
Endospore
A
A dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress. Protects the cells chromosomes from damage
18
Q
The 3 domains
A
Eubacteria archaea eukaryotes
19
Q
Domain
A
Highest taxonomic level
20
Q
Bison (Buffalo)
A
Bison bison
21
Q
Moose
A
Alces alces
22
Q
Skunk
A
Mephitis mephitis
23
Q
Killer whale
A
Orcinus orca
24
Q
House mouse
A
Mus musculus
25
Jaguar
Felis onca
26
Gnathostome
A vertebrae that has a mouth with jaws
27
Agnatha
A vertebrae that has a mouth without jaws
28
Mycorrhiza
A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and plant root
29
Hyphae
A thin filament that makes up the body of a fungus
30
Mycelium
Branched mass of hyphae
31
Haustoria
Slender projection from hyphae of a parasitic fungus enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissue of its host and absorb nutrients from it
32
Viroid
Very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for serious diseases in plants. No capsid. Destroy entire crops such as potatoes and coconuts
33
Prions
Abnormally shaped protien responsible for brain diseases of mammals. The prions interact with normal proteins and cause them to change shape and become abnormal and infectious. Then the brain is full of spongy holes.
34
How do you get infected by a prion?
By eating the infected tissue of another animal
35
Radial symmetry
Symmetry around a central axis. Can cut it anyway and it will still be symmetrical
36
Bilateral symmetry
Symmetry around a midline. Can only cut one way.
37
Vertebrae
An animal with a backbone or notochord.
38
Notochord
Flexible round found in some chordates. In most modern chordates it is replaced by vertebrae during embryotic stage
39
Invertebrate
An animal that doesn't have a backbone. Most animal species are these
40
Germ layer
One of 3 layers that form during embryonic development in most animals
41
Coelom
A body cavity present in some animals contains the internal organs.
42
Protosome
Animal with bilateral symmetry. In embryonic stage the mouth forms before the anus
43
Deuterostome
Animal with bilateral symmetry. Anus forms before the mouth
44
4 organisms in the kingdom fungi
Deuteromycotes, ascomycotes, basidiomycotes, zygomycotes
45
Deuteromycotes
Penicillium mould. Makes raquefort cheese. No sexual reproduction so called imperfect fungi.
46
Ascomycotes
Sac fungi. Yeast. Truffle. Small finger like sacs develop during reproduction
47
Basidiomycotes
Mushrooms puff balls. Parasitic on agricultural crops. Basidia line the gills. Club fungi
48
Zygomycotes
Bread moulds. Rhizoids secrete enzyme to digest food. Nutrients are then absorbed, downward growing hyphae
49
3 major groups of archaea
Methanogens halophiles thermoacidophiles
50
Methanogens
Live in oxygen free environments. (Marshes) use co2 n2 or h2s as energy source. Give off methane as waste product
51
Halophiles
Like saline conditions. Up to 15%. The sea is 3.5%. Can't survive in weaker salt solutions
52
Thermoacidophiles
Like hot and acidic environments. (Volcano deep sea vents) sulphur is source of energy. Best growth at temps above 80 degrees Celsius
53
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species
54
Phylogenetic tree
A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups
55
Clade
Taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
56
Classes in phylum Arthropoda
Insecta Crustacea Arachnida
57
Insecta
Biggest and most successful animal group. Compound eyes. Body has 3 parts: head thorax and abdomen. 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax. Most have wings and undergo metamorphosis ARTHROPODA
58
Crustacea
Hard shells with different types of appendages. 3 most eaten ones are lobster crab and fish ARTHROPODA
59
Arachnida
Fused head and thorax called cephalothorax. 4 pairs of walking legs and pedipals. No antanae. ARTHROPODA
60
What do arachnidas tear food apart with?
Cheliceral has poison in spiders
61
Phylum mollusca classes
Bivalvia, gastropoda, Cephalopoda
62
Bivalvia
Shells with 2 valves. Eat by filtering food. MOLUSCA
63
How do clams move?
Muscular foot
64
How do scallops move?
Flapping valve
65
Gastropoda
Largest class of molluscs. Slow moving creatures with shells. Ex. Slug snail limpets conches midi ranches MOLUSCA
66
Cephalopoda
Marine predators including squid octopus and cuttlefish. Fast moving and smart MOLUSSCA
67
Phylum Chordata classes
Amphibia Chondrichthyes reptilia aves mammalia
68
Chondrichthyes
Sharks and rays. Cartilage skeleton CHORDATA
69
Amphibia
Salamanders frogs toads. Smooth and moist skin. Stay close to water to live and breathe. Porous skin allows gas exchange CHORDATA
70
Reptilia
Lizard snake turtle. Waterproof and scaly skin. Ectothermic CHORDATA
71
Ecothermic
Stay warm by sunning and stay cool by going in the shade
72
Endothermic
Creates own heat and functions at high metabolic rates
73
Aves
Feather, wings, and lightweight honeycombed bones for flight. Endothermic. Advanced nervous system and well developed vision and hearing CHORDATA
74
Mammalia
Have hair. Nurse young with produced milk. Warm blooded with big brains. Acute vision and sense of smell. CHORDATA
75
How do starfish eat?
Capture prey, hold prey to mouth, enzyme released to digest prey
76
What are tube feet used for?
Move, gas exchange, and to diffuse waste
77
Radula
Used to eat in molluscs. It's a tongue organ that grinds food.
78
Metabolic forms of bacteria
Photoautotrophs, photo heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
79
Photoautotrophs
Use light for E and CO2 as carbon source
80
Photo heterotrophs
Light as E source. But need organic carbon sources like carbs and fats and alcohols
81
Chemoautotrophs
E from breaking down inorganic molecules like H2S and NH3. CO2 is carbon source
82
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic carbon like glucose for E and a carbon source
83
Flagellum
Used for locomotion
84
Cell wall in bacteria functions
Gives shape, prevents rupture, serves as anchorage point of flagella
85
Fimbrae
Hair like structure. Short. Used for attachment
86
Cell surface membrane
Similar to eukaryotic membrane but less rigid
87
Glycocalyx
Gelatinous layer outside cell wall. Forms capsule if firmly attached. Protects bacteria from host immune attack. Called slime layer if loosely attached
88
Gram positive bacteria
Cell looks darker. Many layers of peptidoglycen that forms a thick single layered structure that holds gram stain
89
Gram negative bacteria
Cell appears light. Only small amount of peptidoglycen. But harder to kill
90
Viruses don't fit into any of the kingdoms because
No cellular structure, no metabolism, don't perform cellular respiration
91
Structure of a virus
Inner Nucleic core of DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid. Capsid is 95 percent of virus and gives it its own particular coat
92
4 shapes of viruses
Polyhedral, spherical, cylindrical, bacteriophage
93
Polyhedral
Up o 20 sides. Small crystal. Polic virus
94
Spherical
AIDS
95
Cylindrical
Tobacco mosaic virus
96
Bacteriophage
Polyhedral head with tail fibers. T4 virus
97
Provirus
Viral DNA that was inserted into host cell DNA. No symptoms so host is temporarily unaffected. Cold sore or HIV
98
Benefit to being in provirus
Allows time for virus to reproduce without something trying to kill it
99
Virus reproduction
Need receptor site on cell. Capsid and tail fit into a host perfect like a key and lock. This is what determines host.
100
Endosytosis
When bacteriophage inserts DNA or RNA into host cell
101
Genome of virus
DNA or RNA. Single r double stranded. Linear or circular.
102
Oregon of virus
Evolved after 1st cell came into existence fragment of Nucleic acid escaped cells. Virus and host evolve together
103
How big is a virus
20-400 nm. But are bigger than molecs. But still real small.
104
Type of host range for a virus
Broad hosts but some narrow like common cold
105
Viruses in biotechnology
Gene cloning where new genes are introduced to cells. Genes are recombined then inserted. Gene therapy research is occurring
106
Cancer causing cells
Oncogenic cells. They have cancer causing viruses
107
Different forms of viruses example
Hep B has uninfectious filament form but the polyhedral form is
108
Animal Protists
Ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates, sarcudines,
109
Plant Protists
Euglenophytes, chlorophytes, chrysophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes, dinoflagellates
110
Fungi Protists
Acrasiomycotes, myxamycotes, oomycotes
111
Ciliates
Phylum ciliophora
| Paramecium
112
Sporozoans
Phylum sporozoa
| Plasmodium
113
Flagellates
Phylum zoomastigophora
| Tryganosoma (ASS)
114
Sarcudines
Phylum sarcodina
| Amoeba
115
Euglenophytes
Phylum euglenophyta
| Euglena
116
Chlorophytes
Phylum chlorophyta
| Green algae
117
Chrysophytes
Phylum chrisophita
| Diatoms (plankton)
118
Phaeophytes
Phylum phaeophyta
| Brown algae sea kelp
119
Rhodophytes
Phylum rhodophyta
| Red algae
120
Dinoflagellates
Phylum purrophyta
| Red tide
121
Acrasiomycotes
Phylum acraceomycotes
| Cellular slime mould
122
Myxamycotes
Phylum myxamycotes
| Plasmodial slime mould
123
Oomycotes
```
Phylum oomycotes
Water mould (eww dead fish)
```
124
Oncogenic
Cancer causing cell
125
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
126
Fungi
```
Eukaryotic
Cell wall with chitin and nucleus
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Mushrooms
```
127
Archaea
```
Prokaryotic
Cell wall with peptidoglycen
Unicellular
Hetero and autotrophic
Methanogens
```
128
Eubacteria
```
Prokaryotic
Cell wall with peptidoglycen
Unicellular
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
E. coli
```
129
Protists
```
Eukaryotic
Nucleus membrane bound organelles some cell wall
Uni and multicellular
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Paramecium
```
130
Plantae
```
Eukaryotic
Cell wall with cellulose
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Grass
```
131
Animalia
```
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Cat dog
```
132
Reproductive strategies of bacteria
Asexually and sexually through conjugation
133
Asexual bacteria reproduction
Split with binary fission every 20 minutes. Identical DNA as parent
134
Conjugation
Less favourable conditions DNA is transported across a pilis. Reproduction of bacteria. Genetic variability
135
Spore formation bacteria
Dormant phase to survive unfavourable conditions. Start to grow when conditions are favourable again
