EXAM Flashcards
(324 cards)
1
Q
Microevolution
A
Change in gene frequencies and phenotypic traits within a population and species
2
Q
Macro evolution
A
Large scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and taxa
3
Q
Convergent evolution
A
The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species
4
Q
Divergent evolution
A
The large scale evolution of a group into many different species
5
Q
Malthus evolution theory
A
Human populations grow exponentially but food sources grow at a constant rate
6
Q
Lyell evolution
A
Earth had undergone and continues to undergo slow steady and gradual change
7
Q
Lamarck evolution
A
Environment plays a key role in the evolution of species. Then theory of inheritance of acquired traits
8
Q
Erasmus Darwin
A
Great grandpa. Proposed all life may have a single source
9
Q
Charles Darwin
A
Natural selection
10
Q
De Buffon
A
Similar organisms have a common ancestor
11
Q
Living fossils
A
Species that lived millions of years ago but are still alive today with little or no changes.
12
Q
Living fossil example
A
Alligator snapping turtle bowfin fish
13
Q
Adaptive radiation
A
Relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species to fill a variety of new niches
14
Q
Adaptive radiation example
A
Darwinian finches in the Galápagos Islands. 1 species evolved to fill 13 new niches
15
Q
Gene pool
A
The complete set of alleles contained within a single population
16
Q
Genetic drift
A
Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance
17
Q
Founder effect
A
Genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from there original population and form a new one.
18
Q
Bottleneck effect
A
Dramatic often temporary reduction in population size resulting in a large genetic drift
19
Q
Homologous structure
A
Similar structures in species that share a common ancestor
20
Q
Analogous structure
A
Distantly related species develop structures that are anatomically different but serve the same function
21
Q
Gradualism model type of change
A
Slow change over many generations
22
Q
Punctuated model change
A
Long periods of no change with short periods of rapid change
23
Q
Gradualism model what’s important
A
Natural selection
24
Q
Punctuated model what’s important
A
Genetic drift and founder effect
25
Gradualism and living fossils
Make it hard to explain
26
Punctuated theory living fossils
Support the theory
27
Gradualism transitional forms
Lack of transitional forms don't support the model
28
Punctuated and transitional forms
Supports This model bc there aren't any
29
Geological Eras
Paleozoic Mesozoic and Cenozoic
30
Time and description Paleozoic
542-251 Mya age of ancient life
31
Time and description Mesozoic
Age of middle life 252-65.5 Mya
32
Time and description Cenozoic
Age of recent life 65.5 mya-present
33
Which periods were in the Paleozoic era?
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
34
Cambrian
542-488 mya. Known as Cambrian explosion
35
Ordovician
488-444
First predators, fish, vertebrates. She'll bearing marine invertebrates. Armoured jawless fish. Ends with mass extinction #1
36
Silurian
Land plants appear. Arthropoda dominate land. Jawed and armoured fish dominate the sea. 444-416
37
Devonian
416-359. First amphibians insects trees and Chondrichthyes apear. Ozone layer spears. Ends with mass extinction #2
38
Carboniferous
359-299. Coniferous trees apear. Moist warm climates and coal deposits develop. Primitive reptiles apear
39
Permian
299-251. Conifer trees speciate. Reptiles radiate into pre Dino's. Severe drought and glaciers. Ends with mass extinction #3 biggest one
40
Which periods are in the Mesozoic era?
Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous
41
Triassic
251-199.6. Only 4 percent marine species survive. Early Dino's appear. Ends with mass extinction number 4
42
Jurassic period
199.6-145.5. Pangea. Conifers and mammal like reptiles apear. Dino's
43
Cretaceous
Angiosperms apear. Insects become pollinators. Birds and small reptiles. Reptiles rule land and sea ends with mass extinction number 5
44
Periods in Cenozoic era
Tertiary and quaternary
45
Tertiary
Adaptive radiation or birds and mammals. Angiosperms dominate. Arctic ice sheet and continental glaciation. 65.5-1.8
46
Quaternary
1.8-now. Land bridge between n and s America. Humans develop
47
Mass extinction #1
444mya. Ordovician - Silurian mass extinction
48
Mass extinction number 2
359 mya. Late Devonian mass extinction
49
Mass extinction number 3
Permian Triassic extinction. 251 Mya. Biggest ever extinction 96 percent marine species killed
50
Mass extinction number 4
Triassic Jurassic extinction. TJ. 199.6 Mya
51
Mass extinction number 5
Cretaceous tertiary mass extinction. Chixclub crater. KT. 65.5 Mya
52
Hardy Weinberg calculations
P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
| P+q=1
53
P in hardy weinburg
Frequency of homozygous
54
Q in hardy Weinberg
Frequency of homozygous recessive gene
55
2pq in hardy Weinberg
Frequency of heterozygous gene
56
Evidence for evolution
Embryology biochemistry the fossil record geographic distribution and comparative anatomy
57
Embryology
Different species develop things at the exact same time as other species when they are in the womb
58
Biochemistry
Evidence in similarities in genes that it is all related
59
The fossil record
Shows the different layer of rocks in chronological order. The deeper in the rocks the older
60
Geographic distribution
Similar habitats select for certain similar adaptations even tho things develop very far away from eachother
61
Comparative anatomy
Similarities in structure among different species give clues to evolutionary history. Ex homologous feature and vestigial structure
62
Post zygotic and pre zygotic isolating mechanism
Prevents species from mating
63
Post zygotic mortality
Mating and feritilization happens but zygote doesn't develop properly so does
64
Hybrid inviability
Dies before birth or very soon after
65
Hybrid infertility
Animal is born but is infertile
66
Prezygotic prevention of mating
Ecological isolation. Temporal isolation. Behavioural isolation
67
Ecological isolation
Similar species occupy different parts of a region so can't mate
68
Temporal isolation
Different species bread at different times of year so can't mate together
69
Behavioural isolation
Different species use different behaviours to mate and won't respond to others
70
Prevention of fertilization
Mechanical isolation and gamer ic isolation
71
Mechanical isolation
Differences in mating features don't allow them to be able to physically mate togwther
72
Genetic isolation
Things release egg or sperm but need certain chemical markers to mate
73
Haploid
Gametes contain one of each type of chromosome
74
Diploid
Somatic cells contain 2 of each type of chromosome
75
Homozygous
Identical alleles for one trust
76
Heterozygous
Have alleles that are unlike for the same gene
77
Genotype
Genetic make up of individual
78
Phenotype
Physical appearance of an organism resulting in the genetic make up
79
Dihybrid
Heterozygous for 2 different alleles
80
DNA pairs
Adenine and thymine
| Cytosine and guanine
81
RNA pairs
Adenine and uracil
| Cytosine and guanine
82
Crossing over
The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis. Helps with recombination of genetic info between non sister cheomatids
83
Mitosis
A eukaryotic cell divides it's genetic info into 2 new identical nuclei
84
Meiosis
2 staged cell division where the daughter cells have half the number of chromosome as the parent which results in formation of gametes or spores
85
Non disjunction
The failure of homologous pairs to separate. Result is abnormal number of chromosome in daughter cells
86
Sample disorders non disjunction
Turners klinefelter sand downs
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Turners
Monosomy so X. Result is underdeveloped female
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Klinefelter a
XXY trisomy. Sterile abnormal male with some female features
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Downs
Trisomy of #21. Low mental ability with short features
90
Sugars in DNA vs RNA
DNA - deoxyribose
| RNA- ribose
91
Number or strands DNA vs RNA
2 in DNA. One in RNA
92
Location in cell DNA vs RNA
DNA is in nucleus mitochondria and chloroplast. RNA in nucleus and cytoplasm
93
Building block of DNA
Each chain is called a nucleotide and is made of a phosphate, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
94
Similarities of meiosis and mitosis
Diploid parent cell. Has interphase and pmat. In metaphase chromosomes line up and they both end with cytokenesis
95
Number of daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis only 2. Meiosis 4
96
Cell divisions in asexual reproduction
1 mitosis. 2 meiosis
97
Genetic make up in asexually reproduction
Mitosis identical daughter. Meiosis genetically different.
98
Process of blood clotting
Blood vessel injury
Platelets attracted to area
Platelets rupture and release chemicals to form thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts thrombin to prothrombin.
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin forms a net that traps blood
99
Mouth
Teeth grind food PD. saliva breaks down carbs. CD
100
Esophogaus
Long muscular tube that moves food to stomach PD
101
Stomach
j shaped organ that churns food. PD. Mixes food with pepsin to digest protien. Cd
102
Liver
Biggest organ in body. Makes bike that emulsified fat. Cd. Breaks down toxins. Cd.
103
Gallbladder
Small organ on liver Connected to duodenum via bile duct. Stores bike part of cd
104
Pancreas
Small organ between stomach and duodenum. Creates and secretes trypsin. Cd. Secretes bicarbonate ions. Cd
105
Small intestine. Parts
7 m long includes duodenum jujunem and illium
106
Small intestine actions
Primary site of complete digestion. Cd. Diffuses thru villi to blood
107
Large intestine.
8 cm wide. Absorbs water. Cd. Digests food further with bacteria. Cd
108
Blood flow thru heart
Vena cava. R atrium. Try spud valve. R ventricle. Pulmonary valve. Pulmonary artery. Pulmonary vein. L atrium. Bicuspid valve. L ventricle. Aortic valve. Aorta
109
Product of digestion
Carbs lipids protiens
110
Amylase
Mouth and small intestine from pancreas. Breaks down starch
111
Pepsin
Stomach from stomach breaks down protiens
112
Bile
Bile small intestine from liver. Emulsified fat
113
Secretin
Liver and pancreas produced by small intestine. Tells liver to make more bile and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
114
Lipases
Small intestine by pancreas. Breaks down days
115
Cck
Pancreas by small intestine. Signals release of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate ions.
116
Bicarbonate ions
Small intestine by pancreas. Decreases ph
117
Trypsin
Small intestine from small intestine. Breaks down protiens
118
Carbs are broken down by
Amylase
119
Protiens are broken down by
Pepsin and trypsin
120
Lipids are broken down by
Bile and lipases
121
Structure small intestine
Lined with villi and microvilli to increase sa for digestion. Increases rate by 500 times.
122
Artery
Carries oxygenated blood away. 97% o2 content. Has thick muscular elastic wall with small lumen.
123
Capillaries
Connect arteries and veins. 1 cell thick lumen so gas exchange can occur here
124
Vein
To the heart with not a lot of oxygen content. Thin less muscular lumen with less elastic wall
125
Blood pressure
Systolic/diastolic. 120/80
126
Systolic pressure
Pressure in arteries when heart contracts
127
Diastolic pressure
Pressure in arteries when heart relaxes
128
Red blood cells
Make up 44% of blood. Bio concave discs. Carry oxygen erythrocytes
129
White blood cells
Leukocytes. Defend from infection. 1% of blood.
130
Types of leukocytes granulocytes
Have granules in cytoplasm to kill infection.
Ex. Neutrophil 3000-7000
Eosinophil 50-400
Basophils 0-50
131
Types of leukocytes agranulocytes
No granules so use phagocytosis to kill infections.
Ex. Monocytes 100-600
Lymphocyte 1000-3000
132
Non vascular
Lack transport tissue. Small and restricted to moist areas do not possess true roots stems or leaves
133
Vascular
Possess transport tissue
| Possess true roots stems leaves and stomata
134
Non vascular examples
Liver roots mosses
135
Vascular examples
Club moss horsetail fern
136
Angiosperm
Seed in reproductive structure called a flower
Female reproductive organ develops into fruit
Pollination via wind or animals
Example lily rose oak birch
137
Gymnosperm
Lack enclosed chambers in which seed develop
Produce seeds in cones which are exposed to the environment
Example chad gingko conifer
138
Source
A plant cell with high concentration of sugars and other solutes such as leafy cell
139
Sink
A plant cell with low concentration of sugars
| Sugars may be converted to a starch for storage or used rapidly for energy or as a building block of other carbs
140
Xerophyte
Plants that are able to live in dry environments
Have reduced leaves so reduce Sa for water loss
Deep roots to reach water deep in soil
141
Hydrophytes
Plants that live in water
| Very little strengthening tissue water gives support
142
Auxin
Manufactured by cells undergoing repeated cell division
| Growth hormone conc'n are high in meristematic cells
143
Basic tissue in plants
Dermal vascular and ground
144
Description dermal
Epidermis. Outermost layer of plant. Thick cell walls with waxy cuticle covering.
145
Role dermal
Protect agains injury and water loss
146
Description vascular
Xylem and phloem. Xylem have think walls while phloem has thin walls
147
Role vascular
Transport water and nutrient
148
Description ground
Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
149
Ground tissue role
Perform cellular process store carbs and support the plant
150
Palisade mesophyl
Layer of elongated photosynthetic cells arranged in columns under the plant surface on the leaf. Where most photosynthesis occurs.
151
Spongy mesophyl
Layer of loosely packed photosynthetic cells with large air spaces between them. Which allows for a lot of gas exchange.
152
Transpiration
Evaporation of water through plant leaves
153
Blade
Flat part of leaf
154
Petiole
The stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem
155
Venation
Arrangement of leaves within a leaf.
156
Equation photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
157
Vascular bundle arrangement monocot v divot
Random and then around perimeter
158
Cotyledons
1 monocot 2 in divot
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Root type
Fibrous in monocot taproot in Dixie
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Leaf vein pattern
Parallel in monocot. Branching in divot
161
Flower petals
Monocots 3s dicots 4s and 5s
162
Microscope view of leaves
Mono has less air holes and divot has palisade and spongy all very visible
163
Xylem
Water conducting tissue that start as living and end as dead. Made of tracheida and vessels
164
Tracheids
Long tapered cells with end plates for support in xylem.
165
Vessels
In xylem cells with greater diameter and helps the water be pulled up by transpiration
166
Phloem
Living tissue with a high rate of respiration to move sugar down the plant. Made of seive tubes and companion cells
167
Seive tubes
Narrow elongated cells in phloem connected end to end to transport sugars
168
Companion cells
Nourish the seive tubes
169
Tropic movements
Movement in response to and external stimulus in which the direction of the stimulus determines the direction of the response
170
Positive tropism
Growth towards the stimulus
171
Negative tropism
Growth away from the stimulus
172
Phototropism
When light affects the plant. Positive when grows towards it
173
Gravitotropism
Response to gravity. When roots grow down its positive. Plant grows up negative
174
Thigmotropism
Response to plants touch. Positive is towards it. Negative is away
175
What is the chemical composition of fertilizers
Sequence of 3 numbers on the package that give the composition of N-P2O5 - K2O
176
How do you find total nutrient content,
Add up all the percentage of each chemical to get the total
177
Karyotype
A picture of the organisms chromosomes showing number shape size and shape. They are seen during metaphase
178
Pedigree
Diagram of an individual's ancestor used in human genetics to analyze the inheritance of a certain trait
179
Mutations
Change in nucleotide sequence of DNA happens in somatic or gametic cells
180
Deletion
Due to breakage part of the chromosomee is lost
181
Chromosome mutations
Deletion. Inversion. Translocation. Non disjunction. Duplication
182
Inversion
The chromosome breaks off and is flipped backwards
183
Trans locations
2 chromosomes that aren't homologous trade parts
184
Duplication
Sequence is repeated
185
Gene mutations
Point and frame shift mutation
186
Point mutation
Insertion deletion or substitution of a gene in a nucleotide
187
Frame shift
Insert or delete one or more nucleotides so the protiens built incorrectly
188
Replication of DNA
1st step. Occurs during the s stage the one strand reproduces into 2.
189
When figuring out replication you have to
Flip the DNA to the opposite pair
190
Translocation
3rd step. Each letter from the mRNA is turned into a codon. Which turns it into the amino acid so it can actually become something.
191
Transcription
2nd step. Producing mRNA from the DNA. So you flip it again to the different nitrogenous bases
192
Mono hybrid cross
A cross designed to study the inheritance of only one trait
193
Dihybrid cross and ratio
A cross consisting of 2 genes each consisting of heterozygous alleles. The ratio is always 9:3:3:1
194
Sex linked cross
And allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes of X or u and when passed onto the offspring is expressed
195
In a sex linked cross a male
Can't be a carrier he can only posses it or not.
196
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed fully
197
Incomplete dominance
A situation where neither allele dominates over the other and both have an influence on the individual. So partial expression of both traits. So when red and white flower mix it goes pink
198
Type A blood
IAIA or IAi
199
Type B blood
IBIB or IBi
200
Type ab blood
IAIB
201
Type O blood
ii
202
Acquired active immunity
Antibody protection
203
Natural acquired active
From immune system fighting a disease
204
Artificial acquired
Vaccines are given and body produces antibodies
205
Acquired passive
No antibody protection
206
Natural acquired passive
Mothers antibodies diffuse to fetus so it doesn't get sick
207
Artificial acquired
Antivenom is given to snake bite victim
208
Major steps in immune response
Invader identification stage. Cloning stage. Attack stage. Slow down memory stage
209
Invader identification stage
Histamine is released so area swells. Pus forms and macrophages create pathogen antigens on the surface
210
Cloning stage.
T helper cell binds then clones itself. T killer cells and B cells start to clone too
211
Attack stage
T killer cell attacks pathogens and stop replication. B cells make antibodies. Plasma makes antibodies
212
Slow down memory stage
T surpressor cells slow down immune response. Memory B cells produced so ready to attack anything if virus come back.
213
Structure circulatory system
Pumps blood from heart thru arteries to cells and back to heart they the veins
214
Function circulatory system
Drop off O2 and pick up Co2 so it can be expelled. Also get rid of waste in the blood so it can be filtered out and exit the body
215
Inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract so pressure decreases and air flows in.
216
Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and pressure increases in lungs so air flows out.
217
Mechanics of breathing
Air flows form an area of high pressure to low pressure
218
Structure respiratory system.
Thin permeable respiratory membrane for diffusion. Large sa for gas exchange. Adequate blood supply. Breathing system to supply O2 rich air to respiratory system
219
Function respiratory system
Gas exchange. Bring O2 in and co2 out
220
Pathway of air
Mouth pharynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
221
Mouth and nose
Air enters here and is warned and moistened
222
Pharynx
Air travels thru here Epiglottis has to remain open
223
Trachea
Semi rigid tube with cartilage rings to keep it sturdy. Has cilia on inside
224
Bronchi
Branches off into bronchioles. And end in alveoli
225
Alveoli
Surrounded by capillaries so gas exchange can easily occur.
226
Latin names
Genus and species. Species has to be lower case
227
Bison
Bison bison
228
Killer whale
Orcinus orca
229
Skunk
Mephitis mephitis
230
House mouse
Mud musculus
231
Cardinal
Cardinals cardinalis
232
DNA differences
P- info in nucleoid
| E info in a true nucleus
233
Cell division
P- binary fission
| E. Mitosis or meiosis
234
The 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria. Eubacteria. Protists. Fungi. Plantae. Animalia
235
Archaebacteria
Unicellular. Live in harsh condition. Ex. Methanogens
236
Eubacteria
Different types of bacteria. Ex. E. coli
237
Protist
3 different types. Ex. Amoeba paramecium euglena
238
Phylum Chordata classes in them
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia reptilia aves mammalia
239
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
240
Osteichthyes
Not fish
241
Porifera
Sponges
242
Cnidaria
Stinging hairs. Like jellyfish
243
Phlatymenthes
Flat worms tapeworms
244
Nematoda
Round worms. I'm
245
Chordata
Humans dogs. Things wth backbones
246
Echinodermata
5 pointed creatur
| Starfish
247
MOLUSCA
Second biggest phyla. Clams oysters 3 classes in it
248
Bivalvia
2 shells like a clam
249
Gastropoda
Slow moving with a shell
250
Cephalopoda
Octopus
251
Arthropoda
Largest phyla. Spiders. 5 classes
252
Arachnidas
8 legs
253
Crustacean
Crabs lobster
254
Insecta
3 part body
255
Diplopoda
2 pair jointed legs. Millipede
256
Chilopoda
Centipede
257
infections by protozoan
Malaria and ass (trypanosome)
258
Bacterial shapes
Cocci circle
Bacilli rod
Spirillum spring
259
Bacterial patterns
Diplo pairs
Staphylo cluster
Strepto chain
260
Plasmid
Small circular DNA rings sound in eubacteria
261
Viruses reproduce by
Receptor site on host cell
Capsid and tail finer protiens fit in perfectly
Injexts it's DNA into host cell
262
Types of viruses
Polyhedral 20 sides. Polio virus
Spherical. AIDS
Cylindrical. Tobacco mosaic virus
Bacteriophage. T4 virus
263
Photoautotroph
Light for e source and co2 as carbon source
| Type eubacteria
264
Photogeterotroph
Light as e source. Organic c like carbon and fats
265
Chemoautotrophs
E from breaking down inorganic molecules like h2s. Co2 is carbon source
266
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic c like carbon as e and CN arbon source
267
Halophiles
Like high salt content environment
268
Thermoacidophiles
High ph and warm temperatures. Volcanoes or sea vents
269
Methanogens
Methane as waste product. Common in marshes
270
Protists
60000+ species. 3 groups of animalish plantish and fungi isn
271
Zygomycotes
Bread mould
272
Ascomycotes
Sac fungi
273
Basidiomycotes
Cap mushroom with gills. Mushroom and puff balls
274
Deuteromycotes
Imperfect fungi. Raquefort cheese
275
ATP
Substance that supplies energy for muscle contraction
276
Outer bonds in ATP release
12000 calories
277
Inner bond releases
3000 calories
278
When ATP is broken down it makes
Adp + Pi + energy
279
Cellular respiration equation
Glucose plus oxygen makes water plus carbon dioxide and 36 ATP
280
4 part process of ATP
Glycolysis transition reaction Krebs cycle then ETc
281
Glycolysis
Happens in cytoplasm glucose molecule splits in 2. Makes pyruvate
2 ATP
282
Transition reaction
Connects glycolysis to Krebs cycles
283
Krebs cycle
Occurs in matrix. Makes 4 co2 and 2 ATP
284
Electron transfer chain
Movement of electrons along a chain. 32 ATP produced
285
Bonds in biomolecules
Carbs alpha 1 4 glycosidic link
Fat Esther linkage
Protien peptide bond
286
Nucleic acids
Direct growth and development of an organism by a chemical code
287
Globular protiens
Make enzymes and antibodies
288
Fibrous protiens
Keratin in hair and tendons
289
Conjugated protien
Has a non protien group attached to it
290
Primary protien structure
Exact linear sequence of amino acids
291
Secondary protien structure
How protein interacts weigh ours. So alpha helix which is a pigtail or a beta pleated sheet which is accordion
292
Tertiary protien structure
Depends on secondary structure. Fold into 3D and makes pockets
293
Quaternary protein structure
2 or more chains text together
294
How many amino acids does our body need
20 and 11 are produced by body
295
4 groups in amino acid
NH2 H COOH And an R group which changes
296
H protien group
Glycerine
297
Ch3 protien group
Alanine
298
Job of protiens
Structural enzymes transport and hormone messengers
299
Saturated fat
Only single bonds are solid at room temp
300
Unsaturated fat
Double bonds exist. Liquid at room temp.
301
All fats have glycerol in them
Which is a 3 carbon alcohol
302
(Ch2)14ch3 makes
Palmitic acid
303
(Ch2)16ch3
Stearin acid
304
Biological function of lipids
```
Long term nutrient and e source
Insulation to conserve energy
Cushioning for organs
Hormones to send messages
Structural component of cell membrane
```
305
Polysaccharide
Complex carb consisting of many simple sugars linked together b
306
Ex. Polysaccharide
Starch and cellulose in plants. Glycinogen
307
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
308
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
309
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
310
Disaccharide
Double sugar made up of 2 simple sugars bonded together
311
Carbs type of energy
Provide short or long term energy source
312
Diffusion
Passive transport. Movement of substance from high concentration to low concentration
313
Osmosis
Passive. Movement of water from high concentration to low consent ration
314
Active transport in plants
Moves across a concentration gradient and carrier protiens help this happen
315
Endosytosis
Cell transports molecules into the cell by unsung energy
316
Exocytosis
Cell uses energy to make molecule leave the cell
317
Pinocytosis
When cell eats a liquid particle
318
Phagocytosis
When cell eats a solid particle
319
Sodium potassium pump
Active transport 3 sodium a pumped in cell while 2 potassium a pumped out.
320
Hypertonic.
Solute concentration out of cell higher. So water moves ou and cell shrinks
321
Hypotonic
Solute out of cell is lower than solute in so water goes in and cell expands
322
Peripheral proteins
Receptor site for enzymes and hormone and don't go all the way thru
323
Integral protiens
allow things to travel from out of cell into cell
324
Membrane protiens are used for
Transport channels. Enzyme receptors. Hormone receptors. Cell identity markers. Attachment of cytoskeleton. Cell adhesion
