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SBI 3UI > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in gene frequencies and phenotypic traits within a population and species

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2
Q

Macro evolution

A

Large scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and taxa

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3
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species

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4
Q

Divergent evolution

A

The large scale evolution of a group into many different species

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5
Q

Malthus evolution theory

A

Human populations grow exponentially but food sources grow at a constant rate

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6
Q

Lyell evolution

A

Earth had undergone and continues to undergo slow steady and gradual change

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7
Q

Lamarck evolution

A

Environment plays a key role in the evolution of species. Then theory of inheritance of acquired traits

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8
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

Great grandpa. Proposed all life may have a single source

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9
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection

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10
Q

De Buffon

A

Similar organisms have a common ancestor

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11
Q

Living fossils

A

Species that lived millions of years ago but are still alive today with little or no changes.

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12
Q

Living fossil example

A

Alligator snapping turtle bowfin fish

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13
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species to fill a variety of new niches

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14
Q

Adaptive radiation example

A

Darwinian finches in the Galápagos Islands. 1 species evolved to fill 13 new niches

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15
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles contained within a single population

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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance

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17
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from there original population and form a new one.

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18
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Dramatic often temporary reduction in population size resulting in a large genetic drift

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19
Q

Homologous structure

A

Similar structures in species that share a common ancestor

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20
Q

Analogous structure

A

Distantly related species develop structures that are anatomically different but serve the same function

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21
Q

Gradualism model type of change

A

Slow change over many generations

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22
Q

Punctuated model change

A

Long periods of no change with short periods of rapid change

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23
Q

Gradualism model what’s important

A

Natural selection

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24
Q

Punctuated model what’s important

A

Genetic drift and founder effect

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25
Q

Gradualism and living fossils

A

Make it hard to explain

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26
Q

Punctuated theory living fossils

A

Support the theory

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27
Q

Gradualism transitional forms

A

Lack of transitional forms don’t support the model

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28
Q

Punctuated and transitional forms

A

Supports This model bc there aren’t any

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29
Q

Geological Eras

A

Paleozoic Mesozoic and Cenozoic

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30
Q

Time and description Paleozoic

A

542-251 Mya age of ancient life

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31
Q

Time and description Mesozoic

A

Age of middle life 252-65.5 Mya

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32
Q

Time and description Cenozoic

A

Age of recent life 65.5 mya-present

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33
Q

Which periods were in the Paleozoic era?

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

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34
Q

Cambrian

A

542-488 mya. Known as Cambrian explosion

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35
Q

Ordovician

A

488-444
First predators, fish, vertebrates. She’ll bearing marine invertebrates. Armoured jawless fish. Ends with mass extinction #1

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36
Q

Silurian

A

Land plants appear. Arthropoda dominate land. Jawed and armoured fish dominate the sea. 444-416

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37
Q

Devonian

A

416-359. First amphibians insects trees and Chondrichthyes apear. Ozone layer spears. Ends with mass extinction #2

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38
Q

Carboniferous

A

359-299. Coniferous trees apear. Moist warm climates and coal deposits develop. Primitive reptiles apear

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39
Q

Permian

A

299-251. Conifer trees speciate. Reptiles radiate into pre Dino’s. Severe drought and glaciers. Ends with mass extinction #3 biggest one

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40
Q

Which periods are in the Mesozoic era?

A

Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous

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41
Q

Triassic

A

251-199.6. Only 4 percent marine species survive. Early Dino’s appear. Ends with mass extinction number 4

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42
Q

Jurassic period

A

199.6-145.5. Pangea. Conifers and mammal like reptiles apear. Dino’s

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43
Q

Cretaceous

A

Angiosperms apear. Insects become pollinators. Birds and small reptiles. Reptiles rule land and sea ends with mass extinction number 5

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44
Q

Periods in Cenozoic era

A

Tertiary and quaternary

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45
Q

Tertiary

A

Adaptive radiation or birds and mammals. Angiosperms dominate. Arctic ice sheet and continental glaciation. 65.5-1.8

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46
Q

Quaternary

A

1.8-now. Land bridge between n and s America. Humans develop

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47
Q

Mass extinction #1

A

444mya. Ordovician - Silurian mass extinction

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48
Q

Mass extinction number 2

A

359 mya. Late Devonian mass extinction

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49
Q

Mass extinction number 3

A

Permian Triassic extinction. 251 Mya. Biggest ever extinction 96 percent marine species killed

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50
Q

Mass extinction number 4

A

Triassic Jurassic extinction. TJ. 199.6 Mya

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51
Q

Mass extinction number 5

A

Cretaceous tertiary mass extinction. Chixclub crater. KT. 65.5 Mya

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52
Q

Hardy Weinberg calculations

A

P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

P+q=1

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53
Q

P in hardy weinburg

A

Frequency of homozygous

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54
Q

Q in hardy Weinberg

A

Frequency of homozygous recessive gene

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55
Q

2pq in hardy Weinberg

A

Frequency of heterozygous gene

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56
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Embryology biochemistry the fossil record geographic distribution and comparative anatomy

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57
Q

Embryology

A

Different species develop things at the exact same time as other species when they are in the womb

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58
Q

Biochemistry

A

Evidence in similarities in genes that it is all related

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59
Q

The fossil record

A

Shows the different layer of rocks in chronological order. The deeper in the rocks the older

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60
Q

Geographic distribution

A

Similar habitats select for certain similar adaptations even tho things develop very far away from eachother

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61
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Similarities in structure among different species give clues to evolutionary history. Ex homologous feature and vestigial structure

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62
Q

Post zygotic and pre zygotic isolating mechanism

A

Prevents species from mating

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63
Q

Post zygotic mortality

A

Mating and feritilization happens but zygote doesn’t develop properly so does

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64
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Dies before birth or very soon after

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65
Q

Hybrid infertility

A

Animal is born but is infertile

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66
Q

Prezygotic prevention of mating

A

Ecological isolation. Temporal isolation. Behavioural isolation

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67
Q

Ecological isolation

A

Similar species occupy different parts of a region so can’t mate

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68
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Different species bread at different times of year so can’t mate together

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69
Q

Behavioural isolation

A

Different species use different behaviours to mate and won’t respond to others

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70
Q

Prevention of fertilization

A

Mechanical isolation and gamer ic isolation

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71
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Differences in mating features don’t allow them to be able to physically mate togwther

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72
Q

Genetic isolation

A

Things release egg or sperm but need certain chemical markers to mate

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73
Q

Haploid

A

Gametes contain one of each type of chromosome

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74
Q

Diploid

A

Somatic cells contain 2 of each type of chromosome

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75
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles for one trust

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76
Q

Heterozygous

A

Have alleles that are unlike for the same gene

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77
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up of individual

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78
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of an organism resulting in the genetic make up

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79
Q

Dihybrid

A

Heterozygous for 2 different alleles

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80
Q

DNA pairs

A

Adenine and thymine

Cytosine and guanine

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81
Q

RNA pairs

A

Adenine and uracil

Cytosine and guanine

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82
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis. Helps with recombination of genetic info between non sister cheomatids

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83
Q

Mitosis

A

A eukaryotic cell divides it’s genetic info into 2 new identical nuclei

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84
Q

Meiosis

A

2 staged cell division where the daughter cells have half the number of chromosome as the parent which results in formation of gametes or spores

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85
Q

Non disjunction

A

The failure of homologous pairs to separate. Result is abnormal number of chromosome in daughter cells

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86
Q

Sample disorders non disjunction

A

Turners klinefelter sand downs

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87
Q

Turners

A

Monosomy so X. Result is underdeveloped female

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88
Q

Klinefelter a

A

XXY trisomy. Sterile abnormal male with some female features

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89
Q

Downs

A

Trisomy of #21. Low mental ability with short features

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90
Q

Sugars in DNA vs RNA

A

DNA - deoxyribose

RNA- ribose

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91
Q

Number or strands DNA vs RNA

A

2 in DNA. One in RNA

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92
Q

Location in cell DNA vs RNA

A

DNA is in nucleus mitochondria and chloroplast. RNA in nucleus and cytoplasm

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93
Q

Building block of DNA

A

Each chain is called a nucleotide and is made of a phosphate, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

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94
Q

Similarities of meiosis and mitosis

A

Diploid parent cell. Has interphase and pmat. In metaphase chromosomes line up and they both end with cytokenesis

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95
Q

Number of daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis only 2. Meiosis 4

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96
Q

Cell divisions in asexual reproduction

A

1 mitosis. 2 meiosis

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97
Q

Genetic make up in asexually reproduction

A

Mitosis identical daughter. Meiosis genetically different.

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98
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

Blood vessel injury
Platelets attracted to area
Platelets rupture and release chemicals to form thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts thrombin to prothrombin.
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin forms a net that traps blood

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99
Q

Mouth

A

Teeth grind food PD. saliva breaks down carbs. CD

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100
Q

Esophogaus

A

Long muscular tube that moves food to stomach PD

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101
Q

Stomach

A

j shaped organ that churns food. PD. Mixes food with pepsin to digest protien. Cd

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102
Q

Liver

A

Biggest organ in body. Makes bike that emulsified fat. Cd. Breaks down toxins. Cd.

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103
Q

Gallbladder

A

Small organ on liver Connected to duodenum via bile duct. Stores bike part of cd

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104
Q

Pancreas

A

Small organ between stomach and duodenum. Creates and secretes trypsin. Cd. Secretes bicarbonate ions. Cd

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105
Q

Small intestine. Parts

A

7 m long includes duodenum jujunem and illium

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106
Q

Small intestine actions

A

Primary site of complete digestion. Cd. Diffuses thru villi to blood

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107
Q

Large intestine.

A

8 cm wide. Absorbs water. Cd. Digests food further with bacteria. Cd

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108
Q

Blood flow thru heart

A

Vena cava. R atrium. Try spud valve. R ventricle. Pulmonary valve. Pulmonary artery. Pulmonary vein. L atrium. Bicuspid valve. L ventricle. Aortic valve. Aorta

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109
Q

Product of digestion

A

Carbs lipids protiens

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110
Q

Amylase

A

Mouth and small intestine from pancreas. Breaks down starch

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111
Q

Pepsin

A

Stomach from stomach breaks down protiens

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112
Q

Bile

A

Bile small intestine from liver. Emulsified fat

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113
Q

Secretin

A

Liver and pancreas produced by small intestine. Tells liver to make more bile and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

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114
Q

Lipases

A

Small intestine by pancreas. Breaks down days

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115
Q

Cck

A

Pancreas by small intestine. Signals release of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate ions.

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116
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Small intestine by pancreas. Decreases ph

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117
Q

Trypsin

A

Small intestine from small intestine. Breaks down protiens

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118
Q

Carbs are broken down by

A

Amylase

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119
Q

Protiens are broken down by

A

Pepsin and trypsin

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120
Q

Lipids are broken down by

A

Bile and lipases

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121
Q

Structure small intestine

A

Lined with villi and microvilli to increase sa for digestion. Increases rate by 500 times.

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122
Q

Artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood away. 97% o2 content. Has thick muscular elastic wall with small lumen.

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123
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect arteries and veins. 1 cell thick lumen so gas exchange can occur here

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124
Q

Vein

A

To the heart with not a lot of oxygen content. Thin less muscular lumen with less elastic wall

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125
Q

Blood pressure

A

Systolic/diastolic. 120/80

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126
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries when heart contracts

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127
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries when heart relaxes

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128
Q

Red blood cells

A

Make up 44% of blood. Bio concave discs. Carry oxygen erythrocytes

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129
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes. Defend from infection. 1% of blood.

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130
Q

Types of leukocytes granulocytes

A

Have granules in cytoplasm to kill infection.
Ex. Neutrophil 3000-7000
Eosinophil 50-400
Basophils 0-50

131
Q

Types of leukocytes agranulocytes

A

No granules so use phagocytosis to kill infections.
Ex. Monocytes 100-600
Lymphocyte 1000-3000

132
Q

Non vascular

A

Lack transport tissue. Small and restricted to moist areas do not possess true roots stems or leaves

133
Q

Vascular

A

Possess transport tissue

Possess true roots stems leaves and stomata

134
Q

Non vascular examples

A

Liver roots mosses

135
Q

Vascular examples

A

Club moss horsetail fern

136
Q

Angiosperm

A

Seed in reproductive structure called a flower
Female reproductive organ develops into fruit
Pollination via wind or animals
Example lily rose oak birch

137
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Lack enclosed chambers in which seed develop
Produce seeds in cones which are exposed to the environment
Example chad gingko conifer

138
Q

Source

A

A plant cell with high concentration of sugars and other solutes such as leafy cell

139
Q

Sink

A

A plant cell with low concentration of sugars

Sugars may be converted to a starch for storage or used rapidly for energy or as a building block of other carbs

140
Q

Xerophyte

A

Plants that are able to live in dry environments
Have reduced leaves so reduce Sa for water loss
Deep roots to reach water deep in soil

141
Q

Hydrophytes

A

Plants that live in water

Very little strengthening tissue water gives support

142
Q

Auxin

A

Manufactured by cells undergoing repeated cell division

Growth hormone conc’n are high in meristematic cells

143
Q

Basic tissue in plants

A

Dermal vascular and ground

144
Q

Description dermal

A

Epidermis. Outermost layer of plant. Thick cell walls with waxy cuticle covering.

145
Q

Role dermal

A

Protect agains injury and water loss

146
Q

Description vascular

A

Xylem and phloem. Xylem have think walls while phloem has thin walls

147
Q

Role vascular

A

Transport water and nutrient

148
Q

Description ground

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

149
Q

Ground tissue role

A

Perform cellular process store carbs and support the plant

150
Q

Palisade mesophyl

A

Layer of elongated photosynthetic cells arranged in columns under the plant surface on the leaf. Where most photosynthesis occurs.

151
Q

Spongy mesophyl

A

Layer of loosely packed photosynthetic cells with large air spaces between them. Which allows for a lot of gas exchange.

152
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water through plant leaves

153
Q

Blade

A

Flat part of leaf

154
Q

Petiole

A

The stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem

155
Q

Venation

A

Arrangement of leaves within a leaf.

156
Q

Equation photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

157
Q

Vascular bundle arrangement monocot v divot

A

Random and then around perimeter

158
Q

Cotyledons

A

1 monocot 2 in divot

159
Q

Root type

A

Fibrous in monocot taproot in Dixie

160
Q

Leaf vein pattern

A

Parallel in monocot. Branching in divot

161
Q

Flower petals

A

Monocots 3s dicots 4s and 5s

162
Q

Microscope view of leaves

A

Mono has less air holes and divot has palisade and spongy all very visible

163
Q

Xylem

A

Water conducting tissue that start as living and end as dead. Made of tracheida and vessels

164
Q

Tracheids

A

Long tapered cells with end plates for support in xylem.

165
Q

Vessels

A

In xylem cells with greater diameter and helps the water be pulled up by transpiration

166
Q

Phloem

A

Living tissue with a high rate of respiration to move sugar down the plant. Made of seive tubes and companion cells

167
Q

Seive tubes

A

Narrow elongated cells in phloem connected end to end to transport sugars

168
Q

Companion cells

A

Nourish the seive tubes

169
Q

Tropic movements

A

Movement in response to and external stimulus in which the direction of the stimulus determines the direction of the response

170
Q

Positive tropism

A

Growth towards the stimulus

171
Q

Negative tropism

A

Growth away from the stimulus

172
Q

Phototropism

A

When light affects the plant. Positive when grows towards it

173
Q

Gravitotropism

A

Response to gravity. When roots grow down its positive. Plant grows up negative

174
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Response to plants touch. Positive is towards it. Negative is away

175
Q

What is the chemical composition of fertilizers

A

Sequence of 3 numbers on the package that give the composition of N-P2O5 - K2O

176
Q

How do you find total nutrient content,

A

Add up all the percentage of each chemical to get the total

177
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of the organisms chromosomes showing number shape size and shape. They are seen during metaphase

178
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram of an individual’s ancestor used in human genetics to analyze the inheritance of a certain trait

179
Q

Mutations

A

Change in nucleotide sequence of DNA happens in somatic or gametic cells

180
Q

Deletion

A

Due to breakage part of the chromosomee is lost

181
Q

Chromosome mutations

A

Deletion. Inversion. Translocation. Non disjunction. Duplication

182
Q

Inversion

A

The chromosome breaks off and is flipped backwards

183
Q

Trans locations

A

2 chromosomes that aren’t homologous trade parts

184
Q

Duplication

A

Sequence is repeated

185
Q

Gene mutations

A

Point and frame shift mutation

186
Q

Point mutation

A

Insertion deletion or substitution of a gene in a nucleotide

187
Q

Frame shift

A

Insert or delete one or more nucleotides so the protiens built incorrectly

188
Q

Replication of DNA

A

1st step. Occurs during the s stage the one strand reproduces into 2.

189
Q

When figuring out replication you have to

A

Flip the DNA to the opposite pair

190
Q

Translocation

A

3rd step. Each letter from the mRNA is turned into a codon. Which turns it into the amino acid so it can actually become something.

191
Q

Transcription

A

2nd step. Producing mRNA from the DNA. So you flip it again to the different nitrogenous bases

192
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

A cross designed to study the inheritance of only one trait

193
Q

Dihybrid cross and ratio

A

A cross consisting of 2 genes each consisting of heterozygous alleles. The ratio is always 9:3:3:1

194
Q

Sex linked cross

A

And allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes of X or u and when passed onto the offspring is expressed

195
Q

In a sex linked cross a male

A

Can’t be a carrier he can only posses it or not.

196
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed fully

197
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A situation where neither allele dominates over the other and both have an influence on the individual. So partial expression of both traits. So when red and white flower mix it goes pink

198
Q

Type A blood

A

IAIA or IAi

199
Q

Type B blood

A

IBIB or IBi

200
Q

Type ab blood

A

IAIB

201
Q

Type O blood

A

ii

202
Q

Acquired active immunity

A

Antibody protection

203
Q

Natural acquired active

A

From immune system fighting a disease

204
Q

Artificial acquired

A

Vaccines are given and body produces antibodies

205
Q

Acquired passive

A

No antibody protection

206
Q

Natural acquired passive

A

Mothers antibodies diffuse to fetus so it doesn’t get sick

207
Q

Artificial acquired

A

Antivenom is given to snake bite victim

208
Q

Major steps in immune response

A

Invader identification stage. Cloning stage. Attack stage. Slow down memory stage

209
Q

Invader identification stage

A

Histamine is released so area swells. Pus forms and macrophages create pathogen antigens on the surface

210
Q

Cloning stage.

A

T helper cell binds then clones itself. T killer cells and B cells start to clone too

211
Q

Attack stage

A

T killer cell attacks pathogens and stop replication. B cells make antibodies. Plasma makes antibodies

212
Q

Slow down memory stage

A

T surpressor cells slow down immune response. Memory B cells produced so ready to attack anything if virus come back.

213
Q

Structure circulatory system

A

Pumps blood from heart thru arteries to cells and back to heart they the veins

214
Q

Function circulatory system

A

Drop off O2 and pick up Co2 so it can be expelled. Also get rid of waste in the blood so it can be filtered out and exit the body

215
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract so pressure decreases and air flows in.

216
Q

Exhalation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and pressure increases in lungs so air flows out.

217
Q

Mechanics of breathing

A

Air flows form an area of high pressure to low pressure

218
Q

Structure respiratory system.

A

Thin permeable respiratory membrane for diffusion. Large sa for gas exchange. Adequate blood supply. Breathing system to supply O2 rich air to respiratory system

219
Q

Function respiratory system

A

Gas exchange. Bring O2 in and co2 out

220
Q

Pathway of air

A

Mouth pharynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli

221
Q

Mouth and nose

A

Air enters here and is warned and moistened

222
Q

Pharynx

A

Air travels thru here Epiglottis has to remain open

223
Q

Trachea

A

Semi rigid tube with cartilage rings to keep it sturdy. Has cilia on inside

224
Q

Bronchi

A

Branches off into bronchioles. And end in alveoli

225
Q

Alveoli

A

Surrounded by capillaries so gas exchange can easily occur.

226
Q

Latin names

A

Genus and species. Species has to be lower case

227
Q

Bison

A

Bison bison

228
Q

Killer whale

A

Orcinus orca

229
Q

Skunk

A

Mephitis mephitis

230
Q

House mouse

A

Mud musculus

231
Q

Cardinal

A

Cardinals cardinalis

232
Q

DNA differences

A

P- info in nucleoid

E info in a true nucleus

233
Q

Cell division

A

P- binary fission

E. Mitosis or meiosis

234
Q

The 6 kingdoms

A

Archaebacteria. Eubacteria. Protists. Fungi. Plantae. Animalia

235
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Unicellular. Live in harsh condition. Ex. Methanogens

236
Q

Eubacteria

A

Different types of bacteria. Ex. E. coli

237
Q

Protist

A

3 different types. Ex. Amoeba paramecium euglena

238
Q

Phylum Chordata classes in them

A

Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia reptilia aves mammalia

239
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish

240
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Not fish

241
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

242
Q

Cnidaria

A

Stinging hairs. Like jellyfish

243
Q

Phlatymenthes

A

Flat worms tapeworms

244
Q

Nematoda

A

Round worms. I’m

245
Q

Chordata

A

Humans dogs. Things wth backbones

246
Q

Echinodermata

A

5 pointed creatur

Starfish

247
Q

MOLUSCA

A

Second biggest phyla. Clams oysters 3 classes in it

248
Q

Bivalvia

A

2 shells like a clam

249
Q

Gastropoda

A

Slow moving with a shell

250
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Octopus

251
Q

Arthropoda

A

Largest phyla. Spiders. 5 classes

252
Q

Arachnidas

A

8 legs

253
Q

Crustacean

A

Crabs lobster

254
Q

Insecta

A

3 part body

255
Q

Diplopoda

A

2 pair jointed legs. Millipede

256
Q

Chilopoda

A

Centipede

257
Q

infections by protozoan

A

Malaria and ass (trypanosome)

258
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

Cocci circle
Bacilli rod
Spirillum spring

259
Q

Bacterial patterns

A

Diplo pairs
Staphylo cluster
Strepto chain

260
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA rings sound in eubacteria

261
Q

Viruses reproduce by

A

Receptor site on host cell
Capsid and tail finer protiens fit in perfectly
Injexts it’s DNA into host cell

262
Q

Types of viruses

A

Polyhedral 20 sides. Polio virus
Spherical. AIDS
Cylindrical. Tobacco mosaic virus
Bacteriophage. T4 virus

263
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Light for e source and co2 as carbon source

Type eubacteria

264
Q

Photogeterotroph

A

Light as e source. Organic c like carbon and fats

265
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

E from breaking down inorganic molecules like h2s. Co2 is carbon source

266
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic c like carbon as e and CN arbon source

267
Q

Halophiles

A

Like high salt content environment

268
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

High ph and warm temperatures. Volcanoes or sea vents

269
Q

Methanogens

A

Methane as waste product. Common in marshes

270
Q

Protists

A

60000+ species. 3 groups of animalish plantish and fungi isn

271
Q

Zygomycotes

A

Bread mould

272
Q

Ascomycotes

A

Sac fungi

273
Q

Basidiomycotes

A

Cap mushroom with gills. Mushroom and puff balls

274
Q

Deuteromycotes

A

Imperfect fungi. Raquefort cheese

275
Q

ATP

A

Substance that supplies energy for muscle contraction

276
Q

Outer bonds in ATP release

A

12000 calories

277
Q

Inner bond releases

A

3000 calories

278
Q

When ATP is broken down it makes

A

Adp + Pi + energy

279
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose plus oxygen makes water plus carbon dioxide and 36 ATP

280
Q

4 part process of ATP

A

Glycolysis transition reaction Krebs cycle then ETc

281
Q

Glycolysis

A

Happens in cytoplasm glucose molecule splits in 2. Makes pyruvate
2 ATP

282
Q

Transition reaction

A

Connects glycolysis to Krebs cycles

283
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Occurs in matrix. Makes 4 co2 and 2 ATP

284
Q

Electron transfer chain

A

Movement of electrons along a chain. 32 ATP produced

285
Q

Bonds in biomolecules

A

Carbs alpha 1 4 glycosidic link
Fat Esther linkage
Protien peptide bond

286
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Direct growth and development of an organism by a chemical code

287
Q

Globular protiens

A

Make enzymes and antibodies

288
Q

Fibrous protiens

A

Keratin in hair and tendons

289
Q

Conjugated protien

A

Has a non protien group attached to it

290
Q

Primary protien structure

A

Exact linear sequence of amino acids

291
Q

Secondary protien structure

A

How protein interacts weigh ours. So alpha helix which is a pigtail or a beta pleated sheet which is accordion

292
Q

Tertiary protien structure

A

Depends on secondary structure. Fold into 3D and makes pockets

293
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

2 or more chains text together

294
Q

How many amino acids does our body need

A

20 and 11 are produced by body

295
Q

4 groups in amino acid

A

NH2 H COOH And an R group which changes

296
Q

H protien group

A

Glycerine

297
Q

Ch3 protien group

A

Alanine

298
Q

Job of protiens

A

Structural enzymes transport and hormone messengers

299
Q

Saturated fat

A

Only single bonds are solid at room temp

300
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Double bonds exist. Liquid at room temp.

301
Q

All fats have glycerol in them

A

Which is a 3 carbon alcohol

302
Q

(Ch2)14ch3 makes

A

Palmitic acid

303
Q

(Ch2)16ch3

A

Stearin acid

304
Q

Biological function of lipids

A 
Long term nutrient and e source
Insulation to conserve energy
Cushioning for organs
Hormones to send messages
Structural component of cell membrane
305
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex carb consisting of many simple sugars linked together b

306
Q

Ex. Polysaccharide

A

Starch and cellulose in plants. Glycinogen

307
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

308
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

309
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

310
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugar made up of 2 simple sugars bonded together

311
Q

Carbs type of energy

A

Provide short or long term energy source

312
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport. Movement of substance from high concentration to low concentration

313
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive. Movement of water from high concentration to low consent ration

314
Q

Active transport in plants

A

Moves across a concentration gradient and carrier protiens help this happen

315
Q

Endosytosis

A

Cell transports molecules into the cell by unsung energy

316
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell uses energy to make molecule leave the cell

317
Q

Pinocytosis

A

When cell eats a liquid particle

318
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When cell eats a solid particle

319
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Active transport 3 sodium a pumped in cell while 2 potassium a pumped out.

320
Q

Hypertonic.

A

Solute concentration out of cell higher. So water moves ou and cell shrinks

321
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solute out of cell is lower than solute in so water goes in and cell expands

322
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Receptor site for enzymes and hormone and don’t go all the way thru

323
Q

Integral protiens

A

allow things to travel from out of cell into cell

324
Q

Membrane protiens are used for

A

Transport channels. Enzyme receptors. Hormone receptors. Cell identity markers. Attachment of cytoskeleton. Cell adhesion

SBI 3UI (6 decks)

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