Unit 1 Flashcards
Cellular respiration
The chemical reactions needed to break down carbs and other molecules to transfer chemical energy to ATP
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
Hydrogen bonding
Weak bonds between molecules where a hydrogen atom is present
4 properties of water which make life possible as we know it
Remains liquid over a wide temp range
Dissolves most substances
Changes temperature gradually
Only pure substance to expand when frozen which allows ice to float
Disaccharide
A double sugar is made of 2 simple sugars bonded together
What makes something a condensation reaction?
When h2o is present
The opposite of condensation reaction is
Enzymatic hydrolysis. Which is digestion
Glucose + glucose
Maltose + water
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose+ water
Glucose + galactose
Lactose + water
Polysaccharides
A complex carb consisting of many simple sugars linked together
Organic compound
A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen They form a permanent part of living cells and have a carbon backbone
Hypotonic in animal cell
Lysis cell death
Hypertonic in plant cell
PlassmolyZed
Hypertonic in animal cell
Crenation. Shrivelled
Osmosis
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration. Occurs in blood and blood cells
Diffusion.
Movement of a substance from and area of high concentration to low concentration. Affected by temperature and concentration. Ex. Tea and hot water
Phagocytosis
Large solid particles are engulfed by a cell. Turns into a vacuole or vesicles. Atp required
Pinocytosis
Occurs when particles to be taken into cells are in liquid droplets. Food vacuole forms at the end. Atp required
Phospholipid
Triglycerides with only 2 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. The third glycerol rxn site is bonded to a nitrogen containing molecule
Hydropholic region of phospholipid
The head of the phospholipid is polar therefore dissolves in water
Hydrophobic region of phospholipid
The tail of the phospholipid is made of 2 fatty acids. The hydrocarbon chains are non polar and afraid of water
Ampiphilic compound
A compound molecule with areas of both polar and nonpolar regions
Cholesterol in the cell membrane
Only in animal cells. It prevents cell death when it is exposed to extreme temperatures. Keeps it rigid and flexible and functional.
What kind of lipid is cholesterol
Steroid
Integral protiens
Moves things in and out of the cell. In cell membrane
Glycoproteins
Marks you as you. So they are different in everyone
Peripheral protiens
Receptors for enzymes and protiens
What H:O ratio is in carbs
2:1
Carbs produce what type of energy
Provide short or long term energy
Important types of hexoses
Glucose. Galactose.
Important types of pentoses
Ribose and deoxyribose
Starches
E storage molecules in plants. Result of the coiling of glucose units
Glycogen
E storage in animals. Has a lot of branches coming off it
Cellulose
Humans can’t digest it. Major cell wall component. Forms microtubules with H bonds between them so they don’t spiral
Lipids are Hydropholic or phobic?
Hydrophobic
Are lipids long or short term energy storage
Long term energy
Good things about fats
Cushion organs. Insulation to conserve energy.
How much more energy does lipids have then fats
2.25 times more energy per gram
What is each fat molecule composed of
3 fatty acids and 3 carbon molecs called glycerol
Why is it called a triglyceride
Bc there is 3 fatty acids
Saturated fat
Each carbon is bonded to 4 atoms. Bad fats. Will be solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
Double bonds exist writhing fatty acids. Liquid at room temperature
Monounsaturated
1 double bond
Polyunsaturated
Several double bonds
Types of bonds in tryglicerides
Ester bonds
Where are protiens structurally used
In bones muscles, ligaments and tendons
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions. They transport molecules in and out of the cell
Hormones are
Chemical messengers in the body
Protiens are made up of things called
Amino acids
Each amino acid has a central carbon with
An h atom. An amino group h2n and a carboxylate group (cool). And an R which is different for each acid
Amino acid + amino acid
Dipeptide
Polypeptide
When many dipeptides are bonded together
Bonds in protien structures
Peptide bonds. Why it’s called a Dipeptide
What happens if a protien is exposed to any extremes
It become denatured. Loses its shape and is useless
If the R group on the protien is polar
Then the acid is soluble
If the R group on the protien is nonpolar
The acid is insoluble
How many amino acids does your body need
20 amino acids
How many amino acids does your body make
- So 9 need to be in the dirt
Primary level protein structure
The exact linear sequence of amino acids in the protien
Secondary level protien structure
Each amino acid reacts with its neighbour. There is hydrogen bonding between all acids but far apart
Types of shapes in secondary level protiens
Alpha helix - pig tail
Beta pleated sheet - accordion
Tertiary level protien structure
Depends strongly on secondary structure. Makes the shape 3 D
In the tertiary level when it’s made of beta pleated sheets it makes
Fibers that have a structural function
In tertiary levels when it’s made of alpha Helixs they form
Globular sheets which are sensitive and if a single amino acid changes it loses its function.
Type of bond in tertiary level proteins
Disulfide bridges
Quaternary level of protien structure
When 2 or more polypeptide chains link together. Also makes air pockets. Ex. Hemoglobin
Conjugated protien
Protein with something attached to it
Globular protiens
Soluble in aqueous solutions and diffuse readily. They move things And have a spherical shape. Ex. Hemoglobin
Fibrous proteins
Water insoluble and physically tough. Structural protectors. The polypeptide chains are parallel and strong
Structural protien example
Keratin in hair and nails. And collagen
Transport protien example
Hemoglobin
Protective protien example
Antibodies in the blood
Membrane protiens
Play active role in diffusion but still passive transport
Carrier protiens in membrane
Specific shape and only accept non charged molecules with the same exact shape. Movement occurs both in and out of cell
Channel protiens
Tunnel shaped allow ions in to pass through membrane. The channel and protien are oppositely charged
Function of cell membrane protiens
Transport channels, receptor sites for enzymes, cell identity markers, attachment of cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and insulin receptor site on outside while metabolic rxn inside
DNA pairs
Adenine and thymine
Cytosine and guanine
RNA pairs
Adenine and uracil
Cytosine and guanine
Structure of Dna
Double helix. Hydrogen bonds hold them together. It’s 2 strands
Nucleic acids
Direct the growth and development in living organisms by chemical code
DNA contains instructions for
RNA
RNA has instructions to make
Protiens
Protiens make the
Structure of the cell and the protien
Structure of nucleus acids and 3 components
Long chains called nucleotides. Made of pentode sugar. Phosphate and n containing base
4 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, transition reaction, krebs cycle, electron transfer chain (etc)
Glycolosis
Occurs in cytoplasm. Does not use O2. Glucose molecules snaps in 2. 2 atp produced
Transition reaction
Connects glycolysis to Krebs cycle. 2 carbon molecules emerged the mitochondria. Co2 produced and released
Krebs cycle
Occurs in matrix. Releases co2. Makes atp. Cycle turns 2 times for each glucose molec so a total of 4 co2 are produced and 2 atp
Electron transfer chain ETC
The movement of electrons down the chain the electrons are full of energy from the breakdown. H2 o is formed. Aerobic reaction. Occurs on the cristae with the enzymes. 32 atp are produced in eukaryotes.
In ATP when the bonds break how much energy is released
12000 on the first 12000 on the second and 3000 on the third. The first bond is relatively unstable and easy to break
What happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
Krebs cycle
What happens in the cristae of the mitochondria
Where most of ATP is produced in electron transfer chain
Bonds in disaccharides (carbs)
Glycosidic bonds
Bond in maltose
Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
Bonds in protiens
Peptide bonds. Why they are called dipeptides
What happens in the grana?
Where energy is produced in chloroplasts using light
What is the grana made of?
Thylakoids
What happens in the stroma of the chloroplast
Where energy reactions occur with no light
Bonds in triglycerides
Ester bonds
How do DNA and RNA differ?
Different nitrogenous bases
How does the pentose sugar differ in Dna and rna?
Deoxyribose and ribose
How many polynucleotide strands are in DnA and RNA
DNA 2 strands. RNA 1 strand
Where is DNA located
Nucleus mitochondria and cytoplasm
Where is RNA located
Nucleus and cytoplasm