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SBI 3UI > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The chemical reactions needed to break down carbs and other molecules to transfer chemical energy to ATP

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2
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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3
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Weak bonds between molecules where a hydrogen atom is present

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4
Q

4 properties of water which make life possible as we know it

A

Remains liquid over a wide temp range
Dissolves most substances
Changes temperature gradually
Only pure substance to expand when frozen which allows ice to float

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

A double sugar is made of 2 simple sugars bonded together

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6
Q

What makes something a condensation reaction?

A

When h2o is present

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7
Q

The opposite of condensation reaction is

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis. Which is digestion

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8
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose + water

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9
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose+ water

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10
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose + water

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A complex carb consisting of many simple sugars linked together

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12
Q

Organic compound

A

A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen They form a permanent part of living cells and have a carbon backbone

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13
Q

Hypotonic in animal cell

A

Lysis cell death

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14
Q

Hypertonic in plant cell

A

PlassmolyZed

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15
Q

Hypertonic in animal cell

A

Crenation. Shrivelled

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration. Occurs in blood and blood cells

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17
Q

Diffusion.

A

Movement of a substance from and area of high concentration to low concentration. Affected by temperature and concentration. Ex. Tea and hot water

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Large solid particles are engulfed by a cell. Turns into a vacuole or vesicles. Atp required

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19
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Occurs when particles to be taken into cells are in liquid droplets. Food vacuole forms at the end. Atp required

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20
Q

Phospholipid

A

Triglycerides with only 2 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. The third glycerol rxn site is bonded to a nitrogen containing molecule

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21
Q

Hydropholic region of phospholipid

A

The head of the phospholipid is polar therefore dissolves in water

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22
Q

Hydrophobic region of phospholipid

A

The tail of the phospholipid is made of 2 fatty acids. The hydrocarbon chains are non polar and afraid of water

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23
Q

Ampiphilic compound

A

A compound molecule with areas of both polar and nonpolar regions

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24
Q

Cholesterol in the cell membrane

A

Only in animal cells. It prevents cell death when it is exposed to extreme temperatures. Keeps it rigid and flexible and functional.

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25
What kind of lipid is cholesterol
Steroid
26
Integral protiens
Moves things in and out of the cell. In cell membrane
27
Glycoproteins
Marks you as you. So they are different in everyone
28
Peripheral protiens
Receptors for enzymes and protiens
29
What H:O ratio is in carbs
2:1
30
Carbs produce what type of energy
Provide short or long term energy
31
Important types of hexoses
Glucose. Galactose.
32
Important types of pentoses
Ribose and deoxyribose
33
Starches
E storage molecules in plants. Result of the coiling of glucose units
34
Glycogen
E storage in animals. Has a lot of branches coming off it
35
Cellulose
Humans can't digest it. Major cell wall component. Forms microtubules with H bonds between them so they don't spiral
36
Lipids are Hydropholic or phobic?
Hydrophobic
37
Are lipids long or short term energy storage
Long term energy
38
Good things about fats
Cushion organs. Insulation to conserve energy.
39
How much more energy does lipids have then fats
2.25 times more energy per gram
40
What is each fat molecule composed of
3 fatty acids and 3 carbon molecs called glycerol
41
Why is it called a triglyceride
Bc there is 3 fatty acids
42
Saturated fat
Each carbon is bonded to 4 atoms. Bad fats. Will be solid at room temperature
43
Unsaturated fat
Double bonds exist writhing fatty acids. Liquid at room temperature
44
Monounsaturated
1 double bond
45
Polyunsaturated
Several double bonds
46
Types of bonds in tryglicerides
Ester bonds
47
Where are protiens structurally used
In bones muscles, ligaments and tendons
48
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions. They transport molecules in and out of the cell
49
Hormones are
Chemical messengers in the body
50
Protiens are made up of things called
Amino acids
51
Each amino acid has a central carbon with
An h atom. An amino group h2n and a carboxylate group (cool). And an R which is different for each acid
52
Amino acid + amino acid
Dipeptide
53
Polypeptide
When many dipeptides are bonded together
54
Bonds in protien structures
Peptide bonds. Why it's called a Dipeptide
55
What happens if a protien is exposed to any extremes
It become denatured. Loses its shape and is useless
56
If the R group on the protien is polar
Then the acid is soluble
57
If the R group on the protien is nonpolar
The acid is insoluble
58
How many amino acids does your body need
20 amino acids
59
How many amino acids does your body make
11. So 9 need to be in the dirt
60
Primary level protein structure
The exact linear sequence of amino acids in the protien
61
Secondary level protien structure
Each amino acid reacts with its neighbour. There is hydrogen bonding between all acids but far apart
62
Types of shapes in secondary level protiens
Alpha helix - pig tail | Beta pleated sheet - accordion
63
Tertiary level protien structure
Depends strongly on secondary structure. Makes the shape 3 D
64
In the tertiary level when it's made of beta pleated sheets it makes
Fibers that have a structural function
65
In tertiary levels when it's made of alpha Helixs they form
Globular sheets which are sensitive and if a single amino acid changes it loses its function.
66
Type of bond in tertiary level proteins
Disulfide bridges
67
Quaternary level of protien structure
When 2 or more polypeptide chains link together. Also makes air pockets. Ex. Hemoglobin
68
Conjugated protien
Protein with something attached to it
69
Globular protiens
Soluble in aqueous solutions and diffuse readily. They move things And have a spherical shape. Ex. Hemoglobin
70
Fibrous proteins
Water insoluble and physically tough. Structural protectors. The polypeptide chains are parallel and strong
71
Structural protien example
Keratin in hair and nails. And collagen
72
Transport protien example
Hemoglobin
73
Protective protien example
Antibodies in the blood
74
Membrane protiens
Play active role in diffusion but still passive transport
75
Carrier protiens in membrane
Specific shape and only accept non charged molecules with the same exact shape. Movement occurs both in and out of cell
76
Channel protiens
Tunnel shaped allow ions in to pass through membrane. The channel and protien are oppositely charged
77
Function of cell membrane protiens
Transport channels, receptor sites for enzymes, cell identity markers, attachment of cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and insulin receptor site on outside while metabolic rxn inside
78
DNA pairs
Adenine and thymine | Cytosine and guanine
79
RNA pairs
Adenine and uracil | Cytosine and guanine
80
Structure of Dna
Double helix. Hydrogen bonds hold them together. It's 2 strands
81
Nucleic acids
Direct the growth and development in living organisms by chemical code
82
DNA contains instructions for
RNA
83
RNA has instructions to make
Protiens
84
Protiens make the
Structure of the cell and the protien
85
Structure of nucleus acids and 3 components
Long chains called nucleotides. Made of pentode sugar. Phosphate and n containing base
86
4 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, transition reaction, krebs cycle, electron transfer chain (etc)
87
Glycolosis
Occurs in cytoplasm. Does not use O2. Glucose molecules snaps in 2. 2 atp produced
88
Transition reaction
Connects glycolysis to Krebs cycle. 2 carbon molecules emerged the mitochondria. Co2 produced and released
89
Krebs cycle
Occurs in matrix. Releases co2. Makes atp. Cycle turns 2 times for each glucose molec so a total of 4 co2 are produced and 2 atp
90
Electron transfer chain ETC
The movement of electrons down the chain the electrons are full of energy from the breakdown. H2 o is formed. Aerobic reaction. Occurs on the cristae with the enzymes. 32 atp are produced in eukaryotes.
91
In ATP when the bonds break how much energy is released
12000 on the first 12000 on the second and 3000 on the third. The first bond is relatively unstable and easy to break
92
What happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
Krebs cycle
93
What happens in the cristae of the mitochondria
Where most of ATP is produced in electron transfer chain
94
Bonds in disaccharides (carbs)
Glycosidic bonds
95
Bond in maltose
Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
96
Bonds in protiens
Peptide bonds. Why they are called dipeptides
97
What happens in the grana?
Where energy is produced in chloroplasts using light
98
What is the grana made of?
Thylakoids
99
What happens in the stroma of the chloroplast
Where energy reactions occur with no light
100
Bonds in triglycerides
Ester bonds
101
How do DNA and RNA differ?
Different nitrogenous bases
102
How does the pentose sugar differ in Dna and rna?
Deoxyribose and ribose
103
How many polynucleotide strands are in DnA and RNA
DNA 2 strands. RNA 1 strand
104
Where is DNA located
Nucleus mitochondria and cytoplasm
105
Where is RNA located
Nucleus and cytoplasm

SBI 3UI (6 decks)

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