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biology > Unit 3: How do organisms sustain themselves? > Flashcards

Unit 3: How do organisms sustain themselves? Flashcards

1
Q

What are macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates ( Monosaccharides)
Proteins ( Amino Acids)
Fats/ Lipids ( Fatty Acids & Glycerol)

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2
Q

What are micronutrients

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water

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3
Q

4 stages of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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4
Q

What are the two types of digestion

A

Chemical Digestion ( Stomach Acidic, gastric juices)

Mechanical Digestion - Peristalsis ( Wave like movements in esophagus moves food down)
and Churning in Stomach

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5
Q

What is the function of villi and micro villi in the small intestine?

A

Micro villi are made up of many folds that increase the surface area therefore increasing the absorption of nutrients.
They are vascular and take nutrients to the blood stream.

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6
Q

What organs are involved in the digestion system

A

Mouth,
Esophagus,
Stomach,
Small Intestine,
Large Intestine,
Rectum,
Anus,
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

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7
Q

What is the role of saliva in digestion

A

Before ingestion,
-> the salivary glands produce saliva when stimulated by appetizing food.

The saliva has enzymes that will help in breaking down the food.

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8
Q

How do you test for starch

A

Iodine test - product turns blue-black = Positive

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9
Q

How do you test for Protein

A

Biuret solution - product turns purple - lilac = Positive

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10
Q

How do you test for Sugars

A

Benedict’s test & hot water bath ( turns green -> yellow -> brick -> red = positive)

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11
Q

How do you test for Lipids

A

Ethanol test - product has cloudy emulsion = positive

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12
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

The respiratory system allows a mammal to breath. Take in oxygen, give it to red blood cells

which is essential for the body to function

it is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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13
Q

How does oxygen reach the alveoli?

A

When oxygen is inhaled it travels down the trachea into the bronchi, then further into a bronchiole. Where it reaches the alveoli which are air sacs and the site of gas exchange

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14
Q

What is the structure of an alveolus and how it is related to the function

State 3 points

A
  1. Alveoli are made up of one layer of thin cells, similar to the blood capillaries next to it creating a short diffusion pathway. Which increases the rate at which carbon dioxide and oxygen can diffuse across
  2. Alveoli have a very large surface area which increases the rate of diffusion ( Surface area to volume ratio)
  3. Alveoli are moist that allows gases to dissolve and increases the rate of diffusion.
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15
Q

Structure of the heart

A

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

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16
Q

Which side of the heart is more muscular

A

left side

17
Q

Which vein carries deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Vena Cava

18
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

19
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

20
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is a state of balance that an organism must stay in

21
Q

What are factors that must be controlled in homeostasis?

A

pH level

Blood glucose ( hypoglycemia-hyperglycemia)

Internal Body Temperature

22
Q

How are hormones different from enzymes

A

Hormones are directly secreted into the blood. And they are responsible for maintaining balance in the body.

23
Q

What happens during hypothermia

A

Vasoconstriction ( blood vessels get smaller)
Shivering/ Muscles Contract
Piloerection ( goosebumps)

24
Q

What happens during hyperthermia

A

Vasodilation ( blood vessels get bigger)
Sweating
Less urine

25
Q

Structure of the artery and its relation to function

A

Arteries are strong and elastic. Arteries are constantly pumping and face a lot of pressure.

26
Q

Structure of the vein and its relation to function

A

They are large and has valves to prevent backflow.
Carries alot of blood to the heart.

27
Q

Structure of capillaries and its relation to function

A

Small and have thin permeable walls. They need to transfer nutrients through diffusion.

28
Q

What is a positive feedback loop ( Homeostasis)

A

When some variable triggers an intensifying response.

While delivering a baby -
Pushing baby pressure -> hormones released -> contractions -> more pushing baby pressure ( CYCLE)

29
Q

What is a negative feedback loop ( Homeostasis)

A

When some variable triggers a counteracting response - in order to come back to some set point

Sweating - the heat triggers your body to feel hot, triggers a sweating response in order for your body temperature to come back to normal.

30
Q

What is an example of when the negative feedback loop is not working ( Diabetes)

A

The pancreas is not producing insulin which allows glucose to be taken into cells which makes ATP and energy.

Patient has to be administered insulin externally.

31
Q

What does the Pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange

32
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lung to the heart.

33
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport moves molecules from lower to higher concentration ( i.e against their concentration gradient) - requires energy from respiration

34
Q

What is osmosis

State one example

A

Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration region to a lower concentration region.

Example: Water is absorbed from the soil through osmosis. The plant roots have a higher concentration than the soil, so water flows into the roots.

35
Q

Hypotonic
Hypertonic

Isotonic

A

Hypotonic - low solute level, water moves into the cell causing it to swell ( turgid )

Hypertonic - high solute level, water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink ( plasmolyzed)

Isotonic - equal solute concentration
no change in cell shape

36
Q

CHNOPS ( acronym for biogeochemical cycles)

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur

biology (6 decks)

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