Unit 2: What Chemical Processes Support Life? Flashcards
Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration
prodcuts:
animals - lactic acid (C3H6O3)
plants and fungi- ethanol (c2h5oh+co2)
What is Anaerobic respiration
The chemical process that produces cellular energy without oxygen
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the molecules that makeup proteins.
What is aerobic respiration
Chemical process that uses oxygen to produce energy from carbohydrates and lipids
What are 4 products that are broken down from proteins, fats and food?
amino acids
fatty acids
glucose
nucleotides
What is metabolism
The chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
What is catabolism
Breaking down of food to get essential molecules in a simpler form.
BIG TO SMALL = ENERGY
What is anabolism
The building up of simple molecules to complex molecules is more useful to the human body.
SMALL TO BIG = ENERGY
What is Cellular Respiration?
Breaks glucose down to make ATP
Glycolysis
In the cytoplasm, anaerobic process
Glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules & 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
in mitochondria, aerobic process
6 NADH and 2FADH 2
2ATP
Electron Transport Chain
transfer electrons from high-energy molecules to lower-energy molecules, producing ATP and consuming oxygen
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that produces ATP
How many ATP molecules are made per glucose molecule?
29-38 net ATP
What is Fermentation
Fermentation makes ATP without Oxygen
it is anaerobic respiration.
Breaks down organic matter without oxygen, and is performed by microorganisms like bacteria and yeast
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation in humans?
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in human muscle cells when they are deprived of oxygen, such as during intense exercise.
Alcohol Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation makes Wine and Bread.
Starts Glycolysis
occurs in yeast, plants and unicellular organisms
What is Lactic Fermentation
Lactic Fermentation makes Cheese and Yogurt.
A process that converts sugars into energy and lactic acid.
Factors of Photosynthesis
state 3
Light Intensity ( eventually plateaus)
Carbon Dioxide Concentration (eventually plateaus)
Temperature ( There is an optimum temperature - before enzymes denature)
Word Equation for Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + Oxygen
Factors affecting the rate of transpiration
Wind - As air movement increases, the rate of transpiration increases because wind removes water vapour from the leaf surfaces.
Light - as light increases, the rate of transpiration increases because the stomata open to allow water to diffuse out of the leaf
Humidity - As humidity increases, transpiration decreases because there is less of a concentration gradient of water molecules outside the leaf.
Temperature - the rate of transpiration increases as the temperature increases.
Why is transpiration important for plants
Transpiration is the process by which plants evaporate water from the stomata. It is important to maintain temperature.
Why are enzymes important?
Enzymes are important as they are biocatalysts that speed up chemical processes in organisms. Making them very essential.
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes essentially lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction, speeding it up and increasing the rate at which a process happens.
What part of the plant transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant?
Xylem
What part of the plant transports sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules from the leaves to other parts of the plant?
Phloem
Where do enzymes react?
In active sites, the active site has a specific shape that fits with the substrate.
Enzymes for protein, carbhydrates and lipids
Protase breaks down Protein
Carbohydrase breaks down Carbohydrates
Lipase breaks down lipids
