Unit 3: Energy Systems Flashcards
List the micronutrients and macronutrients:
Micro → vitamin and mineral
macro → Lipid (fat), carbohydrate, water and protein.
state the chemical composition of a glucose molecule
The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 (1:2:1 ratio)
Glucose molecules can combine to form…
polysaccharides and disaccharides
What si the condensation reaction?
the linking of a monosaccharide to another monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by the removal of a water molecule.
State the composition of a
molecule of triacylglycerol.
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
State the chemical composition of a protein molecule.
C, H, O, and N.
Outline metabolism
All the biochemical reactions that
occur within an organism, including anabolic and
catabolic reactions.
outline anabolism
Energy requiring reactions whereby
small molecules are built up into larger ones.
outline catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down
complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy.
State what glycogen is and
its major storage sites.
Glycogen is stored glucose. It is stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle.
State the major sites of
triglyceride storage.
Adipose tissue and muscle
Outline glycogenolysis.
The break down of glycogen into glucose
Outline lipolysis.
The breakdown of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
Define cell respiraton
the controlled release of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from organic compounds in cells.
Distinguish between an essential and a non-essential amino acid (2)
Essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from diet
Non-essential amino acids: can be synthesized by the human body
Define balanced diet
Balance diet: diet that provides all nutrients in the right amount in order to maintain health and prevent nutrient excess or deficiency diseases.
Describe current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet (6)
carbs: 45-65% NA | A 55-75% (+ energy)
lipids: 15-30% NA | A 25-35%
proteins: 10-15% NA | A 15-35% (+ muscle)
State the approximate energy content per 100 g of carbohydrate, lipid and protein.
Carbohydrates - 1760 kJ
Lipids - 4000 kJ
Proteins - 1720 kJ
Discuss how the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non-athletes.
Endurance athletes will need higher amounts energy and fluids because of the increased physicological demands. They will need higher amounts of carbs, proteins, and fats than non-athletes require. Though nutritional needs vary beween the type of sport and the periods of training, competition and recovery.
Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat
Insulin and glucagon regulate sugar levels in the blood.
After eating a meal, there is an increase of glucose in the blood. This is a signal for the pancreas to secrete insulin from its beta cells. The insulin decreases the elevated amount of blood sugar (glucose) and increases the transport of glucose into the muscle cell.
The fast uptake of glucose inhibits the release of glucose from the liver and muscle and promotes the synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle (leaves from the blood) to lower blood glucose levels after a meal is ingested. It inhibits gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose) and promotes glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen with glucose).
Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise
- Creatine phosphate stores provide energy for muscle contraction
- During light exercise, energy is derived from glucose
- Initially from anaerobic glycolysis (breakdown of glycogen)
- To maintain energy supply by glucose, the muscle increases the uptake of glucose by blood
- Muscle contraction stimulates the translocation of glucose transporters from the inner cell storage pool to the cell membrane but in a different way to insulin
- Insulin takes place during no exercise
- Exercise lowers insulin blood, therefore, reduces function in glucose transport
Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule
Phosphate groups are very energy-rich
Gain (phosphorylation): When a phosphate molecule is added back through energy, ATP can be made
Loose: ATP is combined with water it loses a phosphate molecule which results in ADP, and releasing a lot of energy
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction (3)
- Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy.
- ADP is transformed into ATP by myosin at the myosin head, this allows the pull of the sarcomere. ATP is the energy needed for a muscle contraction to occur.
- In a muscle, there is ATP to allow 2 seconds of activity. Meaning that more exercise is using ATP from another source.
- In this case, the energy comes from some biological pathways called the energy systems (creatine phosphate, aerobic and anaerobic respiration and beta oxidation). The performance of energy systems influence the contraction of muscle. This influences our ability to exercise.
Describe the resynthesize of ATP by the ATP–CP system (5)
- Creatine phosphate (ATP-CP) is a high energy chemical compound.
- This energy compound cannot be directly used during muscle contraction.
- Creatine phosphate + ADP + H = Creatine + ATP
- Creatine phosphate gives 20 seconds energy always, this does not mean stop exercising. It means that other ways should become suitable.
- Creatine phosphate + 2 seconds worth ATP muscle, dominates provision of energy when we start exercising. It is very important during fast and hard exercise.
Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system
- Also known as anaerobic glycolisis.
- Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxgen.
- Pyruvate then converted into lactic acid.
- Wich limits the mount produced to 2 molecules.
- For performance of longer splits, rapid re-synthesis of ATP required using this system.
Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit and oxygen debt (2)
- Oxygen deficit: The difference between the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise and the amount that would have been consumed if aerobic respiration occurs.
- Oxygen debt also known as EPOC: EPOC: excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Is the amount of oxygen consumed in recovery after exercise that is above resting level.
Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system. (2)
glucose:
- In presence of oxygen, pyruvate is processed by krebs cycle liberating electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing 34 ATP
fatty acids:
- broken down by beta oxidation liberating a lots of electrons, therefore more ATP
in extreme cases, proteins will also be used as a form of energy
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Outline the function of macronutrients
Carbohydrates: short term energy storage, cell membrane,
Lipids (Fats): long-term energy storage, hormones
Protein: Structure, transport, enzymes, protection, fuel of energy
Water: Medium for biochemical reactions, transport, excretion
Outline the functions of micronutrients
Vitamins: metabolism, bone health, blood health, eyesight
Minerals: Minerlizations of bones and teeth, defense against free radicals, muscle function
Outline anaerobic catabolism
Compounds breaking down in the absence of oxygen
