Unit 1: Anatomy

Question 1

Function of the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

Enclose important structures and provide protection to organs.

Question 2

Function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

Movement and attachment to muscles.

Question 3

Four types of bones:

Answer 3

Long, short, flat and irregular.

Question 4

Examples of long bones?

Answer 4

Femur, tibia, clavicle, metatarsals

Question 5

Examples of short bones?

Answer 5

Carpals and tarsals

Question 6

Examples of flat bones?

Answer 6

Ilium, scapula, ribs, sternum, skull, patella.

Question 7

Examples of irregular bones?

Answer 7

Vertebrae, isquium and pubis.

Question 8

Function of ligament

Answer 8

Holds structures together, connect bone to bone, provides stability and lowers risk of joint injury.

Question 9

Function of tendon

Answer 9

Connects muscle to bones, stability and pull on bones to generate movement.

Question 10

Function of articular cartilage

Answer 10

Resist compressive forces, reduce friction and provide support to bony areas where there is a need for flexibility.

Question 11

What are ligaments, tendons and cartilage?

Answer 11

Ligaments: Strong and flexible tissue
Tendons: Flexible tissue
Cartilage: The layer covering the articulating area of bones

Question 12

What is a joint?

Answer 12

When two or more bones articulate together.

Question 13

Function of a joint

Answer 13

Increase mobility of the body and the limbs.

Question 14

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 14

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints.

Question 15

Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue

Answer 15

1) Contractility: muscle contracts and reduces its length (gets smaller)
2) Extensibility: increase in length (gets longer, stretched)
3) Elasticity: ability of the muscle to go back to its original resting length –> extends and goes back
4) Atrophy: decrease muscle fibers (decrease mass)
5) Hypertrophy: increase muscle fibers (increase mass)
6) Controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries:
i. Needs O2 and glucose to do cell respiration, and provide energy.
ii. Needs stimuli from nervous system to be instructed when to contract and when to relax.

Question 16

When does extensibility occur?

Answer 16

During stretching

Question 17

How is atrophy and hypertrophy of the muscle tissue achieved?

Answer 17

Atrophy: No exercise + malnutrition
Hypertrophy: Exercise + good nutrition (high protein intake)

Question 18

State the different types of muscle

Answer 18

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

Question 19

Which are the characteristics of muscle fibers?

Answer 19

1. Multiple nuclei, info to perform functions
2. Multiple mitochondria, produce energy for contraction
3. Striated
4. Cytoplasm: nutrients
5. Long: elongated cells

Question 20

Define the term origin of muscles

Answer 20

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Question 21

Define the term insertion of muscles

Answer 21

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone

Question 22

Function of CAPSULE in a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Provide stability

Question 23

Function of SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE in synovial joint?

Answer 23

Produce synovial fluid

Question 24

Function of INTRA-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE?

Answer 24

Only located in the knee joint and reduces impact

Question 25

Function of SYNOVIAL FLUID?

Answer 25

Reduce friction

Question 26

Function of BURSAE?

Answer 26

Bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction between LIGAMENT and TENDON

Question 27

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Answer 27

Result:

Question 28

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Answer 28

Result:

Question 29

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Answer 29

Result:

Question 30

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Question 31

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Question 32

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Question 33

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Question 34

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Question 35

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Question 36

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Question 37

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Question 38

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Question 39

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Question 40

SLIDE 29 of presentation