Unit 2: Exercise physiology Flashcards
Define the term pulmonary ventilation / breathing
Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs
Define the term total lung capacity (TLC)
Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation
Define the term vital capacity (VC)
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
Define the term tidal volume (TV)
Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath
Define the term expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly
Define the term inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume
Define the term residual volume (RV)
Volume of air still contained in the lungs after maximal exhalation
Outline and explain the functions of the conducting airways
- Low resistance pathway for airflow. → Due to the rings of the trachea, large diameter and smooth inner lining.
- Defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled → Occurs in the nose and throat, where tiny hairs called cilia filter the air and trap particles that are present, stopping them from entering the lungs and causing infection.
- Warming and moistening the air → This occurs mainly in the nostrils.
Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs during inspiration
- The diaphragm contracts
- The external intercostal muscles and trapezius contract, pulling out
- The rib cage expands.
- This generates a decrease in the intrathoracic pressure, which allows for an increase in intrathoracic volume.
- Outside air flows in through the nasal cavity and the trachea.
- Air reaches the lungs.
Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs during expiration
- The diaphragm relaxes.
- The internal intercostal muscles and abdominus rectus contract, pulling down
- The rib cage contracts.
- This generates an increase in the intrathoracic pressure, which allows for a decrease in intrathoracic volume.
- Air comes out of the lungs.
What is inhalation?
Inflow of air
What is exhalation?
Outflow of air
Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation
ROLE: The main role of hemoglobin is to carry 98.5% of the oxygen through the body.
WHY? Because oxygen is less soluble in the plasma, it attaches to hemoglobin, a complex protein, located inside a red blood cell. It binds to 4 molecules of oxygen when passing through the lung capillaries, and becomes oxyhemoglobin (HbO4)
What happens with the partial pressure in the alveoli during ventilation
The oxygen passes from a high partial pressure area (the alveoli) and diffuses into a low pressure area like the blood. While the carbon dioxide passes from a high partial pressure area (the capillary) into a low pressure area like the alveoli.
What is the purpose of heart chemoreceptors?
Specialized cells in charge of detecting changes in blood pH, so the body can maintain homeostasis for enzymes to work efficiently.
Which are the chemical factors that affect the nervous control of the ventilation rate?
Emotions, adrenaline, stress, drugs
State the composition of blood
55% of plasma
→ 98% water
→ 2% nutrients (hormones, gasses, electrolytes and waste products)
44% of erythrocytes
1% of leukocytes and platelets
What is the left ventricle in charge of?
- Rhythm of heart rate
- Increase STROKE VOLUME and CARDIAC OUTPUT
State some characteristics from the heart valves
- Barrier that prevents backflow, creates 1 direction system
- Sustained by papillary muscles and tendons that open and close during contraction and relaxation of ATRIA or VENTRICLES
- Allow chambers to fill before opening so that the most amount of blood can be pumped out efficiently
How does the heart receive its own blood supply?
Through the coronary arteries surrounding the organ tissue
What is heart rate?
Number of muscle contractions over a period of time, and it is measured in beats per minute (bpm)
What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic control of the heart?
Extrinsic: everything that control HR outside the heart
Intrinsic: receptor that control HR inside the heart, heart produces its own electricity
What is an arrhythmia?
An inconsistent heart rhythm
How does adrenaline affect the intrinsic control of the ♥ rate?
During exercise, adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla, and it affects the SA node directly. Increasing the pulse, thus increasing heart rate.
How does the sympathetic nervous system work?
- Adrenaline is secreted to heighten alertness
- Known as the fight or flight system
- Increases heart rate
- Bronchi dilate to allow more O2
- Restricts blood flow to the digestive system, so more blood for heart and muscles
Purpose of adrenaline in energy production
Breaks down glycogen and lipids
When does the sympathetic nerve increase heart rate and contractions?
- Increase oxygenation
- Increase blood pressure
Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary: Send blood to the lungs
1. Starts in right ventricle
2. Deoxygenated blood pumped out through the pulmonary artery, towards the lungs.
3. Gas exchange in the alveoli.
4. The oxygenated blood travels back through the right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
5. Blood pushed into the left ventricle
Systemic: Send blood to the body system
1. Starts in the left ventricle
2. Oxygenated blood is strongly pumped out of the heart, through the aorta.
3. Spread the oxygen-rich blood into the capillaries of muscles tissues and organs such as the brain, kidneys, and liver.
4. Gas exchange will happen, where O2 will be traded to boost cellular respiration and the blood will take back waste products such as CO2.
5. Deoxygenated blood will travel back to the heart through the vena cava entering the blood to the right atrium.
State the differences and similarities of the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems
Both: start at a ventricle and end in an atrium
Pulmonary:
- Short system
- Thinner walls
- Lower pressure needed
Systemic:
- Longer or complex system
- Thicker muscular walls
- High pressure need to assist blood to the many parts of the body that will produce cellular respiration.
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
CO= SV x HR
What happens to cardiac output during immediate exercise?
It increases as heart rate and stroke volume increase
Explain cardiovascular drift
- During exercise heat is a byproduct of the production of energy
- Plasma is lost to skin, then leaves through sweat
- Less plasma in the blood
- Increasing blood viscosity
- Reducing stroke volume and venous return
- Increased demand on heart rate to maintain a steady cardiac output
What is venous return?
Amount of blood that returns to the heart per minute
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular drift?
It is a response to dehydration
Define the term systolic blood pressure
The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
Define the term diastolic blood pressure
The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation
Define the term blood pressure
Amount of force exerted against arterial walls
Analyze systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise
At rest:
Systolic pressure is slightly higher
During exercise:
Systolic pressure raises even more because heart rate and stroke volume increase, causing more ventricular contractions
Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise
Dynamic:
Systolic pressure increases a lot and diastolic just a bit
Static:
Both systolic and diastolic pressures increase even more than in dynamic because:
- Lower blood velocity –> bcs muscles remain contracted –> return of blood to the heart is less
- Longer muscle contracting on arteries –> higher pressure
What happens to blood distribution during exercise and rest?
Rest: blood is evenly distributed throughout muscles, organs, brain, heart, skin, and bones
Exercise: blood is almost all redirected to the muscles
Define what are dilate and vasoconstriction in arteries?
Dilate: increase in width of arteries
Vasoconstriction: reduce in width of arteries
Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training
- Cardiac hypertrophy: stronger heart and thicker walls
- Increased left ventricular contraction force
- Increased stroke volume
- Lowering resting and exercising heart rate: more SV, means less HR to maintain CO
- Increased capillarization: deliver more oxygen
- Increase arteriovenous oxygen difference: more oxygen has diffused in the muscle tissue
What is arteriovenous difference?
A measure of the amount of oxygen taken up from the blood by the tissues
Explain maximal oxygen consumption
Also known as VO2MAX, is the amount of oxygen that the body can transport and use.
VO2MAX= cardiac output x arteriovenous difference
Higher VO2MAX: perform at higher intensity, for longer
Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise (cycling, running, arm ergometry)
Running: Requires the most O2 because it uses the most big major muscles
Cycling: Second that requires O2, because it uses only the leg big major muscles
Arm ergometry: Last that requires O2, because it uses only the arms big major muscles
What is myoglobin?
A red protein containing hemoglobin, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin.
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Difference between sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: (exercise)
- Increase HR
- Increase breathing rate, by stimulating diaphragm
- Releasing adrenaline
- Vaso constriction in most organs and dilation in muscles
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: (rest)
- Decrease HR
- Decrease Breathing Rate
- Release Noradrenaline
- Increase digestion
