Unit 3 - Development & Learning Flashcards
accommodation
In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas (mental structures) or creating new ones to incorporate new information or experiences.
acquisition
the initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened through reinforcement
adolescence
the transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the teenage years, marked by puberty, identity exploration, and increased autonomy.
Adulthood
The stage of life after adolescence, characterized by full development and maturity, typically defined by milestones such as career establishment and family formation.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood, such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.
aggression
behavior that is intended to cause harm or injury to another person or object
Albert Bandura
a psychologist known for his contributions to social learning theory and the concept of self-efficacy; conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated observational learning and the influence of role models on behavior.
Alfred Kinsey
a biologist and sexologist known for his pioneering research on human sexuality; provided extensive data on sexual behavior in American men and women.
Alice Eagly
a psychologist known for her research on gender roles and social psychology. She has contributed to the understanding of gender stereotypes and the role of socialization in shaping behavior.
androgyny
the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics or qualities in an individual, challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes.
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action, common in young children.
antisocial behavior
actions that violate social norms, disregard the rights of others, and often involve aggression, deceit, or rule-breaking.
aphasia
a language disorder caused by damage to the brain, typically resulting in difficulty with language production, comprehension, or both.
asexual
a lack of sexual attraction to others or a lack of interest in sexual activity.
assimilation
the process of incorporating new information or experiences into existing cognitive schemas or mental structures
associative learning
a type of learning that involves forming associations or connections between stimuli and responses, such as classical and operant conditioning
attachment
the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver, typically characterized by proximity seeking, distress upon separation, and a sense of security.
Authoritarian Parenting
A strict parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness; parents expect obedience and use punishment.
Authoritative Parenting
A parenting style characterized by high demands and high responsiveness; parents set clear standards and are supportive.
B. F. Skinner
a psychologist known for his work in behaviorism and operant conditioning; developed the operant chamber, a controlled environment for studying behavior, and introduced concepts such as reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement.
babbling stage
a developmental milestone in infancy when infants produce repetitive, nonsensical sounds as they experiment with vocalizations
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the sense of security and confidence in the world that develops during infancy through consistent and nurturing caregiving
behaviorism
a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior, while often disregarding internal mental processes
Benjamin Lee Whorf
a linguist known for his hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which suggests that the structure of language influences the way individuals perceive and think about the world