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People Flashcards

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1
Q

Aaron Beck

A

psychologist known for his development of cognitive therapy and cognitive restructuring techniques, particularly in the treatment of depression

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2
Q

Abraham Maslow

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psychologist who is best known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which suggests that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy from basic physiological needs to higher-level psychological needs

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3
Q

Albert Bandura

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a psychologist known for his contributions to social learning theory and the concept of self-efficacy; studied observational learning through the Bobo doll experiment

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4
Q

Albert Ellis

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a psychologist known for developing rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on challenging irrational beliefs and thoughts

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5
Q

Alfred Adler

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a psychologist and founder of individual psychology, known for his theory of personality and his emphasis on the role of social and cultural factors in shaping behavior

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6
Q

Alfred Binet

A

a psychologist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the first intelligence test, which was designed to identify children who might need special education

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7
Q

Alfred Kinsey

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a biologist and sex researcher known for his groundbreaking studies on human sexuality, including a spectrum of sexuality that shares his name

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8
Q

Alice Eagly

A

a psychologist known for her research on gender roles and social psychology. She has contributed to the understanding of gender stereotypes and the role of socialization in shaping behavior.

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9
Q

Amos Tversky

A

A cognitive psychologist known for his collaboration with Daniel Kahneman on decision-making and heuristics.

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10
Q

Anna Freud

A

a psychologist and pioneer in the field of child psychoanalysis, known for her work on the ego and defense mechanisms, as well as her contributions to child development and therapy

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11
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

an influential psychologist known for his work in behaviorism and operant conditioning; proposed that behavior is shaped by its consequences, and he developed principles and techniques for behavior modification based on experiments with rats and pigeons in an operant chamber

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12
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

an American linguist known for his theory of linguistic relativity, which suggests that the language we speak influences or shapes our perception of the world and our cognitive processes

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13
Q

Bibb Latane

A

a social psychologist known for his research on social loafing, bystander effect, and social influence. He co-developed several influential theories in social psychology.

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14
Q

Bibb Latane

A

a social psychologist known for his research on social loafing, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility, particularly his experiments on helping behavior in emergency situations.

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15
Q

Carl Jung

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Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology; proposed concepts such as the collective unconscious and archetypes

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16
Q

Carl Rogers

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American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy, emphasizing the therapist’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard toward the client.

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17
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

a German neurologist known for his research on the brain and his discovery of Wernicke’s area, a region in the brain associated with language comprehension

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18
Q

Carol Dweck

A

A psychologist known for her research on motivation and mindset, particularly the concepts of fixed mindset and growth mindset.

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19
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

American psychologist known for her work on gender and moral development, particularly criticizing Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development for being male-centered.

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20
Q

Charles Darwin

A

an English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which explains how species evolve and adapt to their environments over time

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21
Q

Charles Spearman

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a British psychologist known for his work in intelligence research and for proposing the concept of general intelligence (g factor)

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22
Q

Daniel Golman

A

an American psychologist known for his work on emotional intelligence; research highlights the importance of emotional awareness, regulation, and empathy in personal and social functioning

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23
Q

Daniel Kahnman

A

A psychologist known for his work on decision-making, heuristics, and biases, particularly in collaboration with Amos Tversky.

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24
Q

David Hubel

A

Canadian neurophysiologist who, along with Torsten Wiesel, received the Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; research focused on the neural basis of visual perception, particularly the role of individual neurons in processing visual information

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25
Q

David Hubel

A

A Canadian neurophysiologist known for his work with Torsten Wiesel on the processing of visual information in the brain.

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26
Q

David Premack

A

a psychologist known for his research on operant conditioning and the Premack Principle, which states that a preferred activity can be used as a reinforcer for a less preferred activity

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27
Q

David Rosenhan

A

American psychologist known for his influential study “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” which highlighted the limitations and biases of psychiatric diagnosis and the treatment of mental illness

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28
Q

David Weschler

A

an American psychologist known for developing several intelligence tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), which are widely used to assess cognitive abilities in individuals

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29
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

an American psychologist known for her research on parenting styles, which identified three primary parenting styles—authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive—and their effects on child development

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30
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

an American activist and reformer known for her advocacy for the humane treatment of individuals with mental illness and her efforts to improve the conditions of mental health institutions in the 19th century

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31
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

an American psychologist known for his work in the field of learning theory and behaviorism; best known for his “law of effect,” which states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated

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32
Q

Edward Toleman

A

an American psychologist known for his research on learning and cognition. Tolman’s work contributed to the development of cognitive psychology and introduced concepts such as latent learning and cognitive maps

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33
Q

Eleanor Gibson

A

an American psychologist known for her research on perceptual development, particularly the visual cliff experiment, which demonstrated depth perception in human infants and animals

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34
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

A

Swiss-American psychiatrist known for her work on death and dying; proposed the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, which are commonly used to describe the emotional responses to terminal illness and loss

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35
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

an American cognitive psychologist known for her research on memory, particularly the malleability and fallibility of eyewitness testimony and the creation of false memories through suggestion (studied the misinformation effect)

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36
Q

Eric Kandel

A

An American neuroscientist known for his research on memory, particularly synaptic plasticity and the cellular basis of learning and memory.

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37
Q

Erik Erikson

A

German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight stages of human development across the lifespan, each characterized by a specific psychosocial crisis or challenge

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38
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

a psychologist known for his research on hypnosis, pain perception, and the theory of the hidden observer

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39
Q

Ernst Weber

A

German physiologist known for Weber’s law, which states that the just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli, rather than being a fixed amount

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40
Q

G . Stanley Hall

A

American psychologist known as the founder of the American Psychological Association (APA) and for his pioneering work in child psychology and developmental psychology

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41
Q

George Miller

A

an American psychologist known for his contributions to cognitive psychology, including his influential paper “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two,” which explored the limits of human short-term memory capacity

42
Q

Gordon Allport

A

an American psychologist known for his contributions to personality psychology and trait theory, emphasizing the uniqueness and individuality of each person

43
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

a German psychologist known for his contributions to psychophysics, including his formulation of Fechner’s law describing the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological sensations

44
Q

Hans Selye

A

an Austrian-Canadian endocrinologist known for his research on stress and the development of the concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which describes the body’s response to stressors

45
Q

Harry Harlow

A

an American psychologist known for his research on attachment and maternal separation in rhesus monkeys, particularly his studies involving surrogate mothers made of wire and cloth

46
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

a German psychologist known for his pioneering research on memory and learning, particularly his studies on the forgetting curve and the spacing effect

47
Q

Howard Gardner

A

an American psychologist known for his theory of multiple intelligences, proposing that intelligence is composed of distinct abilities or modalities, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences

48
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

a Russian physiologist known for his research on classical conditioning, particularly his experiments with dogs demonstrating conditioned reflexes and associative learning processes

49
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development, which posits that children progress through four stages of intellectual growth: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

50
Q

John B. Watson

A

American psychologist known for founding the school of behaviorism, which emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the rejection of introspection and mentalistic concepts; conducted the famous “Little Albert” experiment, demonstrating how fear could be conditioned in a child

51
Q

John Darley

A

an American social psychologist known for his research on bystander intervention and helping behavior, particularly the bystander effect.

52
Q

John Darley

A

a social psychologist known for his research on bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, and the factors influencing helping behavior in emergency situations.

53
Q

John Garcia

A

American psychologist known for his research on taste aversion learning, which demonstrated that animals are more likely to associate nausea with certain foods or tastes if they become ill after consuming them.

54
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A

a neuroscientist known for his research on the neural mechanisms of emotion and the role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety.

55
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

South African psychiatrist known for developing systematic desensitization, a behavioral therapy technique used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli while they practice relaxation techniques

56
Q

Karen Horney

A

a German psychoanalyst known for her contributions to psychoanalytic theory, particularly her critique of Freudian concepts such as penis envy and the Oedipus complex, and her emphasis on social and cultural factors in personality development

57
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

an Austrian zoologist known for his research on animal behavior, particularly imprinting, and his contributions to ethology (the study of animal behavior)

58
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

a German-American psychologist known for his contributions to social psychology, group dynamics, and field theory, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors, group processes, and change management in understanding behavior.

59
Q

L.L. Thurstone

A

American psychologist known for his contributions to psychometrics and factor analysis; proposed a theory of intelligence based on seven primary mental abilities, challenging the idea of a single, general intelligence factor

60
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

American psychologist known for his theory of moral development, which posits that individuals progress through three levels of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) and six stages of moral reasoning based on ethical dilemmas

61
Q

Leon Festinger

A

American social psychologist known for his theory of cognitive dissonance, which suggests that individuals experience psychological discomfort when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent, and are motivated to reduce this dissonance through cognitive or behavioral means

62
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

a Russian psychologist known for his sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which emphasizes the role of social interaction, cultural tools, and language in shaping children’s cognitive abilities and higher mental functions

63
Q

Lewis Terman

A

American psychologist known for his longitudinal study of gifted children, which led to the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) as a measure of intellectual ability

64
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

American psychologist known for her research in animal behavior and motor theory, and as the first woman to receive a doctoral degree in psychology

65
Q

Margaret Harlow

A

a psychologist known for her research on attachment and maternal deprivation, conducted in collaboration with her husband, Harry.

66
Q

Mark Rosenzweig

A

American psychologist known for his research on environmental influences on brain plasticity and development, particularly his studies on enriched environments and the effects of environmental stimulation on neural growth

67
Q

Martin Seligman

A

American psychologist known for his research on learned helplessness, optimism, and positive psychology, emphasizing the study of human strengths, virtues, and well-being

68
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her contributions to attachment theory, particularly her “Strange Situation” experiment, which classified infant attachment styles based on responses to separation and reunion with caregivers

69
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

American psychologist known for her pioneering work in behavior therapy, particularly her treatment of phobias using systematic desensitization, and for being considered the “mother of behavior therapy”

70
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

American psychologist known for her contributions to experimental psychology and memory research, and for becoming the first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

71
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

a cognitive neuroscientist known for his research on split-brain patients and hemispheric specialization, as well as his contributions to understanding consciousness and cognition.

72
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

a social psychologist known for his research on social norms, group dynamics, and intergroup conflict, particularly the Robbers Cave experiment.

73
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist known for his influential contributions to the study of language, cognition, and social and political issues; proposed the nativist theory of language and criticized behaviorist theories of language acquisition

74
Q

Paul Broca

A

French physician and anatomist known for his research on the localization of brain function, particularly the discovery of Broca’s area in the frontal lobe and its role in language production.

75
Q

Paul Costa

A

a psychologist known for his research on personality traits and his contributions to the development of the Five Factor Model (Big Five) of personality, which includes the dimensions of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

76
Q

Paul Ekman

A

an American psychologist known for his research on facial expressions, emotion, and nonverbal communication, as well as his contributions to the study of universal emotions and the Facial Action Coding System (FACS).

77
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

a psychologist known for his Stanford prison experiment, which investigated the psychological effects of perceived power and authority on individuals’ behavior in simulated prison environments; contributed to the study of social psychology, time perspective, and heroism

78
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

French physician and psychiatrist known for his pioneering work in the humane treatment and care of individuals with mental illness; advocated for moral therapy and the abolition of inhumane practices such as shackling and physical restraint in psychiatric hospitals

79
Q

Phillip Bard

A

an American physiologist known for his research on the neural basis of emotion and the role of the limbic system, particularly the James-Lange theory of emotion.

80
Q

Phineas Gage

A

railroad worker who suffered a traumatic brain injury on the job, damaging his frontal lobe and providing scientists with an early understanding of localized function within the brain as he demonstrated drastic changes in his behavior and personality

81
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

a prominent psychologist known for his research in personality theory and measurement. He developed the 16 Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire and proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence

82
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

An American psychologist known for his work on memory, particularly the development of the modal model of memory with Richard Shiffrin.

83
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

American psychologist known for his research on stress, coping, and emotion, particularly the transactional model of stress and coping.

84
Q

Richard Shiffrin

A

An American psychologist known for his contributions to memory research, particularly the development of the modal model of memory with Richard Atkinson.

85
Q

Robert McCrae

A

a psychologist known for his research in personality psychology and the development of the Five Factor Model (Big Five) of personality, which includes dimensions of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

86
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

a psychologist known for his contributions to learning theory and conditioning, particularly his research on contingency and prediction in classical conditioning, demonstrating that the predictability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) influences the strength of conditioning

87
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

a psychologist known for his research in intelligence, creativity, and cognition, as well as his theories of love and relationships, including the triangular theory of love and the theory of successful intelligence

88
Q

Roger Sperry

A

an American neuroscientist known for his research on split-brain patients and hemispheric specialization, receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for his discoveries.

89
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating mental disorders and understanding human behavior, personality, and unconscious processes

90
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

an English polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including psychology, statistics, genetics, and eugenics, known for his work on intelligence testing, fingerprints, and the nature-nurture debate

91
Q

Solomon Asch

A

a pioneering social psychologist known for his research on conformity and group influence, particularly the Asch conformity experiments, which demonstrated the power of social pressure to influence individual behavior and perception

92
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

a social psychologist known for his controversial obedience experiments, which investigated the willingness of individuals to obey authority figures and administer electric shocks to others, highlighting ethical issues and ethical dilemmas in research

93
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

a social psychologist known for his research on emotion, attribution theory, and the two-factor theory of emotion, proposing that emotional experiences are determined by a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation or labeling

94
Q

Steven Pinker

A

A Canadian-American cognitive psychologist known for his research on language, cognition, and evolutionary psychology, as well as his popular science books.

95
Q

Torsten Wiesel

A

Swedish neurophysiologist who, along with David Hubel, conducted pioneering research on visual processing in the brain, leading to a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981.

96
Q

Virginia Masters & William Johnson

A

pioneering research team of OBGYNs known for their groundbreaking studies on human sexuality and the physiology of sex; developed the human sexual response cycle through their research

97
Q

Walter Cannon

A

American physiologist known for his research on the fight-or-flight response and for coining the term “homeostasis” to describe the body’s ability to maintain internal stability.

98
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

German psychologist often considered the founder of experimental psychology, known for establishing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.

99
Q

William James

A

an American philosopher and psychologist known for his contributions to pragmatism and for being one of the founders of functionalism, a school of psychology focused on the adaptive functions of behavior.

100
Q

Wolfgang Köhler

A

a German psychologist known for his research on insight learning and problem-solving in animals, particularly with chimpanzees, conducted during his time at the Tenerife Primate Center.

AP Psych (7 decks)

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