Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych- 2024 Revision > Unit 3- Development and Learning > Flashcards

Unit 3- Development and Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the scientific study of how people grow, change, and adapt throughout their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nature vs. Nurture debate

A

The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stability vs. Change debate

A

The question of Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Critical/Sensitive period

A

optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Palmar/grasping reflex

A

Baby reacts to something pressing on its palm by trying to grasp it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Moro reflex

A

infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sucking reflex

A

The baby sucks when area around mouth is touched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temperament

A

person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Easy temperament

A

Babies are cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in feeding and sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Secure Attachment

A

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

characterized by complete dependence on a caregiver and extreme reluctance to explore one’s environment; the result of unresponsive parenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

children that seek little contact with their mothers and are often not distressed when she leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

parents that impose rules and expect obedience; the strict parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

parents that are both demanding and responsive; they negotiate and allow flexibility; the typical/sensible parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

parents that submit to the child’s desires; they make few demands and use little punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kolberg’s Preconventional Morality

A

before age 9; self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kolberg’s Conventional Morality

A

early adolescence; uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kolberg’s Postconventional Morality

A

adolescence and beyond; actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gender Identity

A

psychological sense of maleness and femaleness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gender Typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional feminine or masculine gender role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Jean Piaget

A

believed that as children construct their understandings while interacting with the world, they experience spurts of change, followed by greater stability as they move from one cognitive plateau to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Assimilation

A

We interpret new experiences into terms of our current understanding (schemas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Schema adjustment

A

Altering the concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. Done through assimilation and accommodation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjusting or schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to nearly age 2, babies take in the world through their senses and actions—through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Object permanence

A

the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Piaget’s pre-operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory of Development

A

Promotes context in which students are actively involved in learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

The difference between what the learner can do with help and what he/she can do without help.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Scaffolding

A

Zone of ZPD in which a task is too great for the learner, so it is compared to something they already know and then broken down into smaller, more manageable parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Fluid knowledge

A

Ability to solve problems and think logically.

Independent of acquired knowledge.

41
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

42
Q

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
43
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

1st year of life.

Infant fears the world.

44
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

Between 18 months and 3

Child becomes independent-wandering away from it’s mother

45
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

12-18yrs

Transition from adolescence to adulthood

46
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

18-40 yrs

We begin to share ourselves more intimately with others.

47
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

40-65 yrs

Begin career and family. Look at big picture.

48
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

65+ yrs

Contemplate life accomplishments

49
Q

Harlow’s attachment theory

A

Babies become attached to their mothers because they care for them.

50
Q

Contact Comfort

A

Monkeys separated from their mothers at birth suffered severe mental distress. They chose the soft, stuffed animal monkey over the hard, wire monkey with food.

51
Q

Reversibility of thought

A

the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.

52
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

53
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(normally beginning at about age twelve) during which people begin to think logically about abstract events.

54
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s own ideas about their own and other’s mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict.

55
Q

genetic mutation

A

a permanent change in an organism’s DNA sequence, which can potentially alter traits or behaviors due to the change in genetic material

56
Q

prenatal development

A

the entire process of a baby’s growth and development within the womb, starting from conception (fertilization) and continuing until birth, encompassing the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

57
Q

infancy

A

the early developmental stage of a human being, typically considered from birth to around the age of two, characterized by rapid physical and cognitive growth where infants acquire fundamental skills like motor control, perception, and basic social interaction

58
Q

childhood

A

a developmental stage in human life that generally spans from early infancy (around age 2) until the onset of adolescence (around age 12 or 13)

59
Q

physical development

A

the growth and changes in the body and brain throughout a person’s lifespan, including the development of motor skills, sensory abilities, and physical characteristics like height and weight, encompassing both the physical maturation of the body and the neurological development of the brain

60
Q

fine motor coordination

A

the ability to make precise, small movements using the muscles in the hands and fingers

61
Q

gross motor coordination

A

the ability to control and coordinate large muscle groups in the body, enabling movements like walking, running, jumping, and reaching

62
Q

infant reflexes

A

involuntary, automatic motor responses present in newborns that are triggered by specific sensory stimuli, such as the rooting reflex (turning head towards a touch on the cheek) or the sucking reflex (sucking on an object placed in the mouth), which are crucial for early feeding and survival.

63
Q

visual cliff

A

a specially designed apparatus used in experiments to test an infant’s depth perception, where a transparent surface creates the illusion of a sudden drop-off. Most children stop.

64
Q

imprinting

A

a rapid learning process where an animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object it encounters during a critical period early in life, typically right after birth

65
Q

adolescence

A

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and social changes, typically marked by the onset of puberty and encompassing the teenage years where individuals develop a sense of identity and navigate complex social situations

66
Q

growth spurt

A

a rapid period of physical growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence, typically associated with the hormonal changes of puberty, where individuals experience a significant increase in size over a relatively short time frame

67
Q

puberty

A

the period of rapid physical and hormonal changes that mark the transition from childhood to adolescence, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to reproduce, signifying the biological start of adolescence

68
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation a male experiences, marking a significant milestone in puberty and considered the male equivalent of menarche (a female’s first menstrual period). Typically happens during sleep (wet dream).

69
Q

Sex

A

based on biological factors like sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male) from the father

70
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

an individual’s enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction towards men, women, or both

71
Q

animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, meaning they can have feelings, thoughts, and intentions, essentially acting as if they were living beings

72
Q

dementia

A

a general decline in cognitive functions like memory, language, and reasoning, severe enough to disrupt daily life activities, often caused by various underlying brain diseases and characterized by significant impairment in multiple cognitive domains, impacting social and occupational functioning

73
Q

Imaginary audience

A

a cognitive state where an individual, often an adolescent, believes that a large group of people are constantly watching and paying attention to them, essentially imagining a large audience for their actions, even when they are not in a public setting; it’s a key concept of adolescent egocentrism.

74
Q

Phonemes

A

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

75
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)

76
Q

Babbling Stage

A

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household sounds.

77
Q

One-word Stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

78
Q

Two-word Stage

A

Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements.

79
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs.

80
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

81
Q

Syntax

A

The rules of combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

82
Q

language

A

a complex system of communication that follows rules (grammar) to convey meaning, including spoken, written, or gestured words, allowing people to express thoughts and ideas to one another

83
Q

cooing

A

the early stage of infant vocalization, usually starting around 1-2 months old, where babies produce soft, vowel-like sounds like “oo” and “ah,” often expressing comfort or contentment, and considered a pre-linguistic communication method with caregivers

84
Q

overgeneralization in language

A

when a child applies a regular grammatical rule to irregular words, essentially making a mistake by assuming a rule applies universally even when it doesn’t, like saying “goed” instead of “went” or “foots” instead of “feet” - essentially overextending a grammatical pattern beyond its appropriate usage

85
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

Explains how a person’s development is influenced by various interconnected environmental systems
Microsystem:A person’s immediate environment, such as their family, peers, or school
Mesosystem:The relationships between a person’s microsystems, such as the relationship between a child’s family and school
Exosystem:Indirect influences on a person, such as a parent’s boss who may impact how the parent interacts with their child
Macrosystem:A person’s culture, including their socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and society
Chronosystem:The dimension of time, including major life transitions such as divorce

86
Q

insecure anxious attachment

A

an attachment style where an individual experiences a deep fear of abandonment, leading to clingy, needy behaviors in relationships, often stemming from inconsistent caregiving experiences in childhood

87
Q

insecure disorganized attachment

A

a child’s attachment style characterized by inconsistent and confusing behaviors towards their caregiver, often displaying a mix of avoidant and anxious behaviors, where the child appears to both seek comfort and simultaneously push away intimacy, usually stemming from a history of unpredictable or frightening caregiving experiences

88
Q

separation anxiety

A

a psychological state where an individual experiences significant distress or fear when separated from a primary attachment figure, usually a caregiver, often manifesting as excessive worry and clinging behavior, particularly prevalent in young children

89
Q

parallel play

A

a developmental stage where children play alongside each other, using the same toys or materials, but without directly interacting or coordinating their actions with one another; essentially, they are playing near each other, but independently focused on their own activity, typically seen in young toddlers

90
Q

pretend play

A

a form of symbolic play where children use their imagination to assign roles and meanings to objects, essentially acting out scenarios and situations, often mimicking real-life experiences

91
Q

personal fable

A

an adolescent belief that they are completely unique, invulnerable, and that the rules and experiences of others do not apply to them, often leading to risky behaviors due to their perception of being special and immune to negative consequences; another key concept of adolescent egocentrism

92
Q

emerging adulthood

A

characterized by a period of transition between adolescence and full adulthood, where individuals are exploring their identity, navigating instability in life, and often making major decisions about their future in areas like career, relationships, and personal values

93
Q

“Adverse Childhood Experiences” (ACEs)

A

potentially traumatic events like abuse (physical, emotional, sexual), neglect, and household dysfunction that occur during childhood, which can have lasting negative impacts on an individual’s mental and physical health later in life

94
Q

identity achievement

A

a developmental stage where an individual has actively explored various options related to their identity and has made a firm commitment to a set of beliefs, values, and goals, signifying a well-established sense of self after considering different possibilities

95
Q

identity diffusion

A

a state where an individual has not explored or committed to any particular identity, essentially lacking a strong sense of self and not actively working towards defining who they are

96
Q

identity foreclosure

A

a state where an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options, essentially accepting the values and roles assigned to them by others like parents or peers, without considering alternative paths for themselves; characterized by a high level of commitment with a low level of exploration in identity development

97
Q

identity moratorium

A

a stage in identity development where an individual is actively exploring different options and identities, trying to figure out who they are, but has not yet made a firm commitment to any specific identity; essentially, a period of “trying on different roles” before settling on one

98
Q

possible selves

A

an individual’s mental representations of who they could potentially become in the future, encompassing both desired identities (like a successful professional) and feared identities (like a social outcast), essentially acting as a cognitive framework for hopes, goals, and fears that can influence behavior and motivation

AP Psych- 2024 Revision (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions