UNIT 3: Chronic Disease & Prevention Flashcards
Men – higher stress,
Poor diets, hormonal
(estrogen; protective)
What Major risk factors cant be changed?
– Family history (DNA)
– Age
– Sex
– Ethnicity
What is HDL?
HDL stands for High-Density Lipoprotein. It is often referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it to the liver for excretion.
What is LDL?
LDL stands for Low-Density Lipoprotein. It is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because they transport cholesterol to organs and tissues
high levels of LDL in the bloodstream are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Whys is smoking cigarettes bad?
6
- Reduces Level of HDL (increased cholesterol)
- Increases Level of LDL and Triglycerides
- Includes Carconigens and Toxis (damages DNA)
- Nicotine (increases BP and hardens arteries)
- Increased Platelet Adhesion
- Carbon Monoxide Intake harms O2 delivery to tissues
Smoking
What can increased Nicotine consumption lead to?
- Hardened arteries and increased blood pressure
- Lung Cancer
- O2 saturation goes down, HR + BP go up -> Heart Attack
Smoking
What can Platelet Adhesion Lead to?
Plaque formation which leads to Atherosclerosis
which can lead to heart attack and stroke
Smoking
Why are High LDL and TG levels bad?
Increase Cholesterol Level & Triglycerides
increases plaque formation leads to atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque (composed of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and other substances) inside the arteries.
What is High blood pressure (hypertension)?
Too much force or pressure exerted against artery walls
– Strains, weakens, and enlarges the heart
– Scars and hardens arteries
– Increases risk of heart attacks, strokes, atherosclerosis, and kidney failure
What are risk factors for High BP?
- Age
- Gender
- Family history
- Overweight
- Inactive
- Smoker
- High sodium, low potassium, low vitamin D
- Alcohol
- Stress
- Other chronic conditions (kidney disease, diabetes)
What is considered a normal blood pressure?
Systolic/Diastlic
of
<120/<80
What BP is associated with Pre Hypertension?
120-130/80-89
What BP is associated with Stage 1 Hypertension?
140-159/90-99
What BP is associated with Stage 2 Hypertension?
> 160/>100
Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults
Summary
What is Cholesterol?
Cholesterol: lipid,fatty, wax-like substance
- Essential for proper body functioning
- Carried in the blood—to and from the liver—in lipoproteins
form (LDL or HDL) or chylomicrons
Where do we get cholesterol from?
Obtained from food (fat intake, exogenous) as well as the
liver which manufactures it (endogenous/de novo).
How does activity effect cholesterol levels?
HDL levels increase with exercise
LDL and TGs levels decrease with exercise
What are Risk factors of high cholesterol
- age (men 45 yrs and older, women 55 yrs and older)
- Smoker
- High blood pressure
- HDL <40 mg/dL or 1.5mmol/L
- Familial hypercholesterolemia: decreased removal of LDL, accumulation in vessels = premature atherosclerosis
What HDL levels are considered a risk factor?
<40 mg/dL or 1.5mmol/L
TOTAL Cholesterol Guidelines
HDL Cholesterol Guidelines
(good cholesterol)
LDL Cholesterol Guidelines
(bad cholesterol)
Triglycerides Cholesterol Guidelines
How do we calculate Total cholesterol?
Total cholesterol = TG + HDL +LDL
What ratio of LDL/HDL would be considered Low Risk?
What ratio of HDL/LDL would be considered Low Risk?
What about Total Cholesterol/HDL?
Less than 3.3-4.4
Less than 0.22-0.3
Less than 4, preferable 2-3
How can one improve cholesterol levels through food intake?
- Choose unsaturated fats over saturated and trans fats
- Increase soluble fibre intake
- eat more fruits and vegetables
- Lower Omega 6s (chicken, pork, beef and canola oil/corn) and increase Omega 3s (olive oil, fish, soy): you want a low 6/3 ratio
What food increase HDL?
Unsaturated fats increase HDL: olive oil, nuts, seeds, oats, fatty fish, avocados
How does excersize reduce risk factors?
- Decreases BP by 4-9mmHg
- Decreases triglycerides (use to produce ATP)
- Increases HDL levels
- Helps people maintain a healthy weight: burns calories
- Helps prevent or control diabetes (raises insulin sensitivity, lowers sugar levels):
Fat that collects in the torso (“apple” shape, central
obesity) is more dangerous than fat that collects around
the hips (“pear” shape) due to greater inflammation
What does Excess body fat contribute to?
– High blood pressure
– Elevated cholesterol levels
– Diabetes
– Narrowing of coronary arteries and arythmias
What is Diabetes?
disruption of glucose metabolism
– Damages the lining of arteries: increases ischemia
– Increases blood levels of glucose
– Linked to other CVD risk factors
Why is increased Alcohol Consumptio bad?
Consumption of alcohol can affect blood pressure by increasing the activity of renin, a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation. Alcohol can also lead to water retention, which can further increase blood pressure, especially when consumed in excess.
What are ideal Waist-to-height ratios?
0.53 for women and at a ratio of 0.55 for men. (cm or inches)
Men should have a waist about 55% of their height, and women about 53%
Ideal BMI Range
(units is kg/m^2)
18.5 - 24.9
What BMI is considered Underweight?
Below 18.5
What BMI is considered Overweight?
25.0 - 29.9
What BMI is considered Obese?
30.0 and Above
What is the ideal Waist-Hip ratio in women?
What is the ideal Waist-Hip ratio in men?
What is the ideal body shape?
hip and bust measurements nearly equal in size, with a narrower waist
What are the Main Cardiovascular Disease (5 types)
- Hypertension
- Atherosclerosis
- Heart disease and attacks
- Stroke
- Congestive heart failure
