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Unit 3 : CHEMICAL CHANGES Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Matter:

A

Matter is anything that has mass AND takes up space

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2
Q

Particles that can make up matter:

A

Ions, Molecules and Atoms (IMA)

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3
Q

Definition of chemical change:

A

When atoms of chemical substances Break apart, Rearrange, and Combine chemically to form new substances.

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4
Q

Definition of Physical change:

A

A physical change is a change in a substance without changing its compostition or identity.

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4
Q

What causes chemical changes?

A

Chemical reactions

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5
Q

Definition of Chemical reaction:

A

A process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more DIFFERENT substances with DIFFERENT properties.

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5
Q

A substance has…

A

a composition and identity

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6
Q

What is the law of conversion of mass

A

The total mass before and after a chemical change must remain the same.

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7
Q

Characteristics of a Chemical change:

A
  • Permenant colour change
  • Formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate)
  • Formation of effervescence in the solution (gas)
  • A transfer of energy as heat and light (Glowing, Explosive, Hot, Cold)
  • Not easily reversable
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8
Q

In a chemical reaction, ________ can be _________ or ________ to the surroundings during a chemical reaction.

A

In a chemical reaction, energy can be taken in or given out to the surroundings during a chemical reaction.

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9
Q

Definition of a Reactant in an equation:

A

A substance that is present at the start of the reaction

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10
Q

Definition of a product in an equation:

A

A new substance that is produced by the reaction

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11
Q

What is one KEY thing about atoms

A
  • The cannot be created nor destroyed (chemical reaction follows the law of convertion of mass)
  • When reactant collide together, atoms simply rearrange and combine chemically.
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12
Q

Conditions to trigger a Chemical change (5 types)

A
  • Heat or an increase in temperature
  • Interaction with oxygen
  • Using an electric currenmt
  • Exposure to light
  • Mixing substances
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12
Q

Definition of Combustion:

A

It is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance is heated/gains heat in the presence of oxygen to form one or more new substances.

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12
Q

Two chemical changes caused by Exposure to Light:

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Photochemical Degradation (When a substance undergoes degradation when exposed to light (particularly ultra-violet rays) or visible light.
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12
Q

The 4 types of chemical reactions:

A
  • Combustion
  • Thermal Decomposition
  • Neutralisation
  • Oxidation
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13
Q

Definition of Thermal Decomposition:

A

When a single compound breaks into two or more of its constituent elements when it is heated.

[e.g Lime production]

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13
Q

Definition of Oxidation:

A

It is a chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen (can occur with or without combustion)

[e.g Rusting of Iron]

13
Q

Common acids used in the lab (3 types):

A
  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
  • Nitric acid (HNO3)
13
Q

What is precipitate/precipitation?

A

The formation of a solid (precipitate) from a solution during a chemical reaction, often indicated by a cloudy or turbid appearance.

13
Q

Two chemical changes caused by heat or increase in temperature:

A
  • Combustion
  • Thermal Decomposition
13
Q

Chemical change caused by using an electric current:

A
  • Electroplating
13
Q

Types of Combustions (2 types):

A
  • Complete Combustion: When sufficient amount of oxygen used to burn a substance -> Carbon dioxide produced
  • Incomplete Combustion: When insufficient amount of oxygen used to burn a substance -> Carbon Monoxide and/or Soot produced.
13
Q

Chemical change caused by interaction with oxygen:

A
  • Oxidation
14
Q

What is Efferverscence?

A

The formation of bubbles as a result of a chemical reaction.

14
Q

Definition of Neutralization

A
  • Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that results in the formation of water and a salt.
15
Q

Properties of Acids (6 properties):

A
  • Have a sour taste
  • Corrosive
  • pH value less than 7
  • Can conduct electricity
  • React with metals, carbonates a nd alkalis.
  • Turn Blue litmus paper Red
16
Q

Reaction between Acid and Alkali

A
  • Neutralisation

Acid + Alkali -> Salt + Water

17
Q

How to confirm whether a reaction between Acid and Metal has taken place?

A
  • The lighted splint experiment

When the lighted splint is brought close to the test tube, it will extinguish with a “pop” sound in the presence of Hydrogen.

18
Q

Reaction between Acid and Metal

A

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen

19
Q

What are metals that DON’T react with Acid (3 types):

A
  • Copper
  • Silver
  • Gold
20
Q

Examples of Simple Indicators (4 types)

A
  • Litmus Paper
  • Methyl Orange
  • Phenolphthalein
  • Bromophenol Blue

[Cannot show how strong or weak and Acid/Alkali is]

20
Q

Reaction between Acid and Carbonate

A

Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

21
Q

Chemical Suffixes (-ide, -ate, -ite)

A

-ide: Chloride, Sulfide
-ate: Nitrate, Sulfate, Phosphate
-ite: Nitrite, Sulfite

22
Q

Definition of Indicators:

A

Indicators are chemical substances that change colour when they come into contact with Acids or Alkalis

  • Provide a safe way to determine
22
Q

What can a Universal Indicator do?

A
  • Show us the approximate pH values of a solution [Unlike simple Indicators]
  • Made out of a mixture of several indicators
23
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions in our daily lives:

A
  • Cooking
  • Respiration
  • Deca
24
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

The four main air pollutants (gases)

A
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Sulfur Dioxide
26
Q

Which air pollutant(s) produces acid rain to destroy building and marine life?

A
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
27
Q

Which air pollutant prevents red blood cells from transporting oxygen?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide (binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells more effectively than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin. )
28
Q

Which air pollutant(s) are colourless and odourless?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Carbon Dioxide
29
Q

Which air pollutant(s) cause breathing difficulties and lung cancer?

A
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
30
Q

Air Pollutant that Destroys Chloroplasts in Plants?

A
  • Sulfur Dioxide

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