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Science Unit 6 HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Living things require food to:

A
  • Provide them energy to do work
  • Maintain a healthy body
  • Grow new cells and tissues
  • Repair worn-out tissues
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2
Q

The three main classes of food:

A

Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins

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3
Q

Function and Example of a Carbohydrate

A
  • Provides a primary source of energy for various activities (e.g Growth and Movement)
  • Example: Rice, Potatoes, Pasta, Biscuit, Noodles
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4
Q

Function and Example of a Fat

A
  • Provides twice the amount of energy compared to carbohydrates of the same mass
  • Stored under the skin to insulate the body from excessive heat loss

Example -> Butter, Cooking Oil, Tuna

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5
Q

Function and Example of a Protein

A
  • Aids the growth of new cells and tissues
  • Repair previously damaged tissues
  • Serves as a source of energy when Carbs and Fats are unavailable

Example -> Milk, Fish, Egg

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6
Q

Definition of Digestion:

A

The breaking down of large and complex undigested food substances into small and simple digested food substances.

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7
Q

Fun fact on Small Intestine:

A

The cell membrane of tissue cells in the intestinal walls is partially permeable.

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8
Q

After action of enzymes, Carbohydrates become?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

After action of enzymes, Fats become?

A

Glucerol and Fatty Acids

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10
Q

After action of enzymes, Proteins become?

A

Amino Acids

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11
Q

What are the two types of Digestion?

A
  • Physical Digestion
  • Chemical Digestion
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12
Q

What is Physical Digestion, What is it’s purpose and Where does it occur?

A
  • It is the physical breakdown of large food chunks to smaller pieces to increase the surface area for further digestion.
  • No new products are formed since the chemical properties of food substances remain the same.
  • Chewing action (Mouth)
  • Churning action (Stomach)
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13
Q

What is Chemical Digestion, What is it’s purpose and Where does it occur?

A
  • A process where large and complex food substances are chemically broken down into small and simpler food substances that can enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall.
  • Starch (Mouth & Gullet)
  • Proteins (Stomach)
  • Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats (Small Intestine)
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14
Q

What are Proteases and what do they do

A
  • They speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

Protein -> Proteases -> Amino Acids

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15
Q

Definition of Enzymes:

A

They are biological molecules that are made of special types of proteins that speed up the rate of chemical digestion

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15
Q

Why do each enzyme only act on one type of substance.

A
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16
Q

What are Carbohydrases and what do they do:

A
  • Carbohydrases speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Carbohydrates -> Carbohydrases -> Simple Sugars

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16
Q

What are Lipases and what do they do

A
  • Lipases speed up the breakdown of fats (or lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

Fats (Lipids) -> Lipases -> Fatty Acids & Glycerol

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16
Q

What is the name of the food substance in which can Enzyme acts on?

A

The substrate

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16
Q

What is the Human Digestive System:

A

It is made up of coiled, muscular tube called the alimentary canal (gut)

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17
Q

Organs that make up the ailmentary canal (digestive system):

A

Mouth, Gullet, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum and Anus

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18
Q

Another name for Digestive system

A

Ailmentary canal

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19
Q

Function of Saliva

A
  • To soften and lubricate the food for easier swallowing.
  • Provide a neutral environment for carbohydrases to function properly
20
Q

What type of digestive enzyme is found in the saliva in the mouth

A

Carbohydrases partially dugest starch

21
Q

Definition of the gullet

A

A muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

22
Q

Definition of the Stomach

A

It is a sac-like muscular organ that lies in the upper part of the abdomen.

23
Q

What are the 3 types of gastric juices secreted in the stomach (HMP)

A
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Mucus
  • Proteases
24
Q

What are the chemical and physical digestion that occur in the stomach?

A
  • Physical digestion: A churning action to break food into smaller pieces, mixes food with gastric juices.
  • Chemical digestion: An enzyme called proteases digest protein to get Amino acids
25
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid (Stomach)

A
  • To kill bacteria in the food
  • Provides acid environment for proteases to work well
26
Q

3 types of environment for the 3 types of digestive enzymes to work well:

A
  • Carbohydrases: Neutral environment
  • Lipases: Neutral environment
  • Proteases: Acidic environment
27
Q

Function of mucus (Stomach)

A
  • Prevents hydrochloric acid and proteases from damaging the tissues.
28
Q

What is the key thing that happens in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion of all classes of food takes place here (Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins)

29
Q

What is in the digestive juice in the small intestine:

A
  • Secretionmany enzymes such as carbohydrases, proteases and lipases happens here.
30
Q

________ of _________ only takes place in the small intestine.

A

Chemical digestion of fats only takes place in the small intestine.

31
Q

Which 2 organs facilitate the digestion of fats?

A
  • The liver
  • The gall bladder

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

32
Q

What does the rectum do?

A
  • Stores faeces
32
Q

Length of small intestine:

A

6 meters. It enhances the efficiency and surface area for complete digestion to take place.

33
Q

What does bile do?

A
  • It is produced in the liver
  • It is not an enzyme
  • It breaks up fat molecules into fat globules.
34
Q

Length of large intestine:

A

1.4 meters. It enhances process for waste management and hydration balance in the body.

35
Q

Order of Digestive organs:

A

Mouth, Gullet, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

36
Q

What does the anus do?

A
  • Removes faeces through a hole, this process is known as egestion
37
Q

What is type 1 diabetes:

A

Body produces insufficient insulin

38
Q

What is type 2 diabetes:

A

Body does not respond properly to insulin

39
Q

What are some risk factors associated with Diabetes:

A
  • Obesity
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Kidney Problems
  • Risk of heart attack
  • Risk of stroke
40
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes:

A
  • Blurred vision
  • Slow healing of wounds
  • Frequent urination
  • Unexplained weight lose
  • Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
  • Constant hunger
41
Q

Ways to reduce the risk of Diabetes:

A
  • Exercise regularly
  • Eat a balanced healthy diet (Following healthy plate -> Less salt and saturate dfats, more wholegrain and vegetables)
  • Avoid smoking or drinking
  • Have a regular health screening
  • Use a blood sugar meter to monitor blood sugar levels in the body
42
Q

What is the definition of Constipation:

A

It occurs when faeces move too slowly through the large intestines, leading to excessive water absorbtion -> Results in dry, hard faeces that may be hard to pass

42
Q

What are the two life-threatening diseases caused by bacteria

A
  • Cholera
  • Salmonella
42
Q

What is the definition of Gastric pain:

A

A painful swelling or inflammation of the Stomach lining (Symptoms: Bloating, Nausea, Upper abdominal pain)

43
Q

What is Enzyme Amylase?

A

Carbohydrases (Digests starch)

43
Q

What are the benefits of good bacteria?

A
  • Fight off certain diseases
  • Absorb nutrients & Mineral salts
  • Produce certain enzymes, vitamins and amino acids
44
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47
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