Unit 3 - Chapter 8 - Behavious in social and cultural contect

Question 1

norms (social)

Answer 1

rules that regulate social life, including eplicit laws and implicit cultural conventions

Question 2

role

Answer 2

a given social position that is goverened by a set of norms for proper behaviour

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

a program of shared rules that govern the behavious of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community

Question 4

What is the Miligram study?

Answer 4

shock machine administered by a “teacher” to an actor with increasing voltage
2/3 of the participents obeyed to the fullest ectent
inficted what they believed to be dangerous amounts of shock to another perosn

Question 5

What conditions must be met to for the teacher to disobey in the Milgram study

Answer 5

• ecperimenter left the room
• when the victim was in the room
• when two ecperimenters issued conflicting demands
• when the person ordering them to continue was ordinary man
• when the participant worked with peers who refused to go further

Question 6

Obedience is more a function of the ____________ than of the personlities of the participants

Answer 6

situation

the kep is the nature of relationship with authority

Question 7

entrapment

Answer 7

a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money or effort

Question 8

social gognition

Answer 8

an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on theought, memory, perception and beliefs

Question 9

attribution theory

Answer 9

the theory that people are motivated to ecplain their own and other people’s behaviour by attributing causes of that behavious to a situation or a disposition

Question 10

fundamental attribution error

Answer 10

the tendency, in ecplaining other people’s behaviour, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation

Question 11

just-world hypothesis

Answer 11

the notion that the world is fair and that justices is served, that bad people are punished and good people rewarded

Question 12

attitude

Answer 12

belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities

some ecplicit, some implicit

Question 13

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 13

a state of tenetion that occuse when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsisten or when a persons’ belief is incogruent with his or her behavious

Question 14

familiarity effect

Answer 14

the tendencey of people to feel more positive toward a person, iten, product, or other sitimulus the more familiar thar are with it.

Question 15

the valididty effect

Answer 15

the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply bc it has been repeated many times

Question 16

Is religious affliation heritabel

Answer 16

no but religiosity is

Question 17

some keys of coercive persuasion

Answer 17

• Person subgected to entrapment
• persons perblems ecplained by one simple attribution
• person offered new identity and promised salvation
• person’s access to discomfirming information is severly controlled

Question 18

The ________________ may be the most powerful of all human motivations

Answer 18

need to belong

worse than physical pain

Question 19

What is the first thing people in groups do

Answer 19

conform, taking action or adopting attitudes as a result of real or imagined group pressure

Question 20

what is one of the drawbacks of conformity?

Answer 20

power to suppress critical thinking and creativity

Question 21

groupthing

Answer 21

the tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement

Question 22

Symptoms of groupthink

Answer 22

• illusion of invulnerability
• self-sensorship
• pressure of dissenters to conform
• illusion of unamity

Question 23

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 23

in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action bc they assume that others wil

Question 24

deinidviduation

Answer 24

in groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one’s own individuality

Question 25

list some of the situational factos involved in deciding to behave courageously

Answer 25

• perceve the need for intervention or help
• cultural norms encourage you to take action
• you have an ally
• you become entrapped

Question 26

social identity

Answer 26

part of a persons self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

Question 27

ethnic adentity

Answer 27

a person’s idenfification with a racial or ethnic group

Question 28

acculturation

Answer 28

a process by ehich members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture

Question 29

ethnocentrism

Answer 29

the belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others

Question 30

sterotype

Answer 30

a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all mambers of the group share a common trait or traits

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a negative stereotype

Question 32

what are the sources of prejudice

Answer 32

• psychological
• social
• economic
• cultural

Question 33

feelings of prejudices have declined ecplicity, yet implicity how are these feelings of implicit prejudice measured

Answer 33

• social distance - won’t get too close, positioning
• what ppl do when they are stressed or angry, stronger emotions towards differing groups
• measures of brain activity: fMRI, PET
• measures of speed of implicit attitudes, positive and negative regard to people in a target group

Question 34

list four situations that will reduce prejudice and animosity

Answer 34

• both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunityies and powere
• authorities and community institutions must procied moral, legal, and economic support for both sides
• both sides must hav opportunities to work and socialize together, formally and infomally
• both sides must cooperate, working togerhter for a common goal