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Psychology TRU > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the eight guidelines for critical thinking

A
  • ask Questions
  • define terms
  • examine evidence
  • analyze assumpions and biases
  • avoid emotional reasoning
  • don’t oversimplify
  • consider other interpretations
  • tolerate uncertainty
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2
Q

psychobabble

A

psudoscience and quackery

psychological language

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3
Q

Who was the original functionalist and what are the fundamental objectives

A

Wundt

descriptions of experiences

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4
Q

What belief theory did William James subscribe to

define it

A

Functionalism

identifying the purpose of behaviour and conciousness

why and how

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5
Q

Which belief did Freud subscribe to?

A

Psychoanalysis

uncovering the unconcious motives and conflicts

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6
Q

List the five major perspectives of psychology

A
  1. Biological: bodily events effect behavious, feelings and thoughts, including evolutionary biology
  2. Learning Persective: How the envirnment and experience affects actions; behaviouraliam and social cognitive learning
  3. Cognitive: “to know” how people reason, remember and understand actions feeling and choices
  4. Psychodynamic perspective: unconcious dynamics, inner forces, conflicts and movement of insitictual energy
  5. Sociocultural: social and cultural effects
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7
Q

What kind of psychologist does the following: practices psychoanalysis, may reat any kind of emotional disorer or pathology

A

Psychoanalyst

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8
Q

Define the type of psychologists:

MD with 3 years residency in psychyiatry, diagnoses and treats mental disorders

A

psychiatrists

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9
Q

A psychotherapists does what?

A

anyone who does therapy

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10
Q

____________ diagnoses treats and studeies meatal and emotional problems both mild and severe. Has a PhD, EdD or PsyD

A

clinical psychologist

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11
Q

A ___________ has an advanced degree (usually a PhD) and does applied or basic research

A

research psychologist

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12
Q

_________________ psychology: bodily events effect behavious, feelings and thoughts, including evolutionary biology

A

Biological

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13
Q

___________________ How the envirnment and experience affects actions; behaviouraliam and social cognitive learning

A

Learning Persective:

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14
Q

Psychological Perspective: ____________: “to know” how people reason, remember and understand actions feeling and choices

A

Cognative

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15
Q

_______________ perspective: unconcious dynamics, inner forces, conflicts and movement of insitictual energy

A

Psychodynamic

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16
Q

Psychological Perspective ______________: social and cultural effects

A

Sociocultural

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17
Q

List and discuss the five characteristics of scientific psychological research

A
  1. Precision: true value
  2. Skepticisim: treating conclustions with caution balanced by openess to ideas and evidence
  3. Reliance on empirical evidence
  4. WIllingness to make “risky predictions” principle of falsifiability, confirmaiton bias
  5. Openness: full disclosure of procedures
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18
Q

define Representatitve sample

A

a group of individuals of the population studies that matches the population on sex and age ranges

a represntative of the larger population

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19
Q

Descriptive methods

A

Methods that yeild descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily casual explanations

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20
Q

Case study

A

a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

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21
Q

Observational study

A

a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour withou interfering with the behaviour: it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory obsevation

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22
Q

psychological tests

A

procedures to measure, evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitiudes, interests, abilities and values

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23
Q

surveys

A

questionaries and interviews asking ppl about their experiences, attitudes, and opinions

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24
Q

What risks to analyzing case studies pose?

disadvantages?

A

Advantages:

  • good source of hypothesis
  • indepth look at individuals
  • unusual cases shed light on situations or problems that are unethical or impractical to study in other ways

Disadvantages:

  • oversiplification - anecdotes
  • drawing general conclusions about the population from a single individual not typical
  • vital info may be missing - hard to interpret
  • memories selective, or inacurate
25
Q

what is the advantage to using naturalistic observational studies?

disadvantages?

A

Advantages:

  • good first step in a program of research - helpful to have a description of behaviour before trying to explain it,
  • natural behaviour

disadvantages -

  • unable to explain the behaviour, just to describe
  • gives the reseacherer little or no control of the situation
  • observations may be biased
  • does not establish cause and effect
26
Q

What is the risk to the use of labratory observation?

Advantages?

A

Advantages:

  • more control then naturalistic
  • use of sopphisticated equipment

Disadvantages:

  • people may behave differetly when they know they are being observed
  • not good at explaining behaviour
  • observations may be biased
  • does not = cause and effect
  • limited control
27
Q

what does it mean to standardize a test

A

in test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving a scoring the test

28
Q

Scoring is usually done by referring to _______, or established standards of performance

A

norms

29
Q

Test construction presents may challenges. For one thing, the tests must be ________ - that is, it must produce the came results from one time and place to the next or from one scorer to another

A

reliable

30
Q

To be useful, a test must also be _____, which means that it must measure what it sets out to measure

A

valid

31
Q

What are the advantages and the risks to doing surveys?

A

Positive: gather lots of info quickly, anonomous

Negative: lying, hold inaccurate perceptions of themselves, misinterpret the survey question, misremember the past; usually volunteer, so not always representative of the population

Risks: How the questions were asked, phrasing

32
Q

Positive correlation

A

when one variable increases so does the other

33
Q

Negative correlation

A

indirect relation

34
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

-1 -> +1

35
Q

cautions of correlations

A

Impact of rumor & ancedote can change the populations perception

illusiory correlations- not really related

therefore correlations are not causations

36
Q

A controlled test of a hypothesis in chic the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

A

an experiment

37
Q

Independent variable

A

A variable the an experimenter manipulates

38
Q

Dependant variable

A

A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

39
Q

In an experiment, a comparison condition in which perticipants are not expeosed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition

A

control condition

40
Q

A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

A

random assignment

41
Q

Placebo

A

an inactive substand or fake treatmen ues as a control in an experiment or give by a mediccal practitioner to a patient

42
Q

single - blind study

A

an experiment in chich participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or control group

43
Q

experimenter effexts

A

unintended chages in study participants’ behaviour due to cues inadvertenetly given by the experimenter

44
Q

double blind study

A

an experiment in cheich neither th epeople bein studied not the individuals running the study know who is in the control group aqnd who is in the experiemental group until after the results are tallied

45
Q

Feild research

A

descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natureal setting outside the labratory

46
Q

What are the advnatages and disadvantages to using a test to research psychology?

A

Advantages:

  • yeilds info on personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and abilities

Disadvantages:

  • difficult to construct tests that are reliable and valid
47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to using a survey to research psychology?

A

Advantages:

  • large amount of info on a large numbers of people

Disadvantages:

  • if a sample is nonrepresentative or biased, it may be impossile to generalize from the results
  • Responces may be inaccurate or untrue
48
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to using a correlational study to research psychology?

A

Advantages:

  • shows whether two or more variables are related
  • allows general predictions

Disadvantages:

  • usually does not find cause and effect
49
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to using an experiment to research psychology?

A

Advantages:

  • allows researcher to control the situation
  • permits researcher to identify cause and effect and to distingush placebo effects fro treatment effects

Disadvantages:

  • situation is artificial and may not generalize into the real world
  • sometimes difficulat to abouid experimenter effects
50
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistical prodedures that organizen and supparize research data

51
Q

Arithmatic mean

A

An average the is Calculated by adding up a set of quantites and dividng the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

52
Q

standard deviation

A

a commoly used measure of variability that indicats the average difference betewwn scores in a distribution and their mean

53
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Statisctical prodedures that allow researcher to draw interences about how statisctically meaningful a study’s results are

54
Q

significance test

A

statisital test tha show how liekely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

55
Q

cross secitonal study

A

a study in which people or onimals of different ages are compared at a given time

56
Q

Longitudinal study

A

a study in chich people or animals are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

57
Q

Effect size

A

the amount of variance amond scores in a study accounted bor by the independent ariable

58
Q

meta analysis

A

a procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particula variable

59
Q

Outline the eight principles researchers must follow with human subjects

A
  1. respect for human dignity
  2. respect for free and informed consent
  3. respect for vulnerable persons, such as childres
  4. respect for privacy and confidentiality
  5. respect for justice and inclusiveness
  6. balancing harms and benefits
  7. minimizing harm
  8. maximizing benefit

Psychology TRU (6 decks)

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