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Psychology TRU > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the eight guidelines for critical thinking

A
  • ask Questions
  • define terms
  • examine evidence
  • analyze assumpions and biases
  • avoid emotional reasoning
  • don’t oversimplify
  • consider other interpretations
  • tolerate uncertainty
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2
Q

psychobabble

A

psudoscience and quackery

psychological language

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3
Q

Who was the original functionalist and what are the fundamental objectives

A

Wundt

descriptions of experiences

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4
Q

What belief theory did William James subscribe to

define it

A

Functionalism

identifying the purpose of behaviour and conciousness

why and how

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5
Q

Which belief did Freud subscribe to?

A

Psychoanalysis

uncovering the unconcious motives and conflicts

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6
Q

List the five major perspectives of psychology

A
  1. Biological: bodily events effect behavious, feelings and thoughts, including evolutionary biology
  2. Learning Persective: How the envirnment and experience affects actions; behaviouraliam and social cognitive learning
  3. Cognitive: “to know” how people reason, remember and understand actions feeling and choices
  4. Psychodynamic perspective: unconcious dynamics, inner forces, conflicts and movement of insitictual energy
  5. Sociocultural: social and cultural effects
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7
Q

What kind of psychologist does the following: practices psychoanalysis, may reat any kind of emotional disorer or pathology

A

Psychoanalyst

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8
Q

Define the type of psychologists:

MD with 3 years residency in psychyiatry, diagnoses and treats mental disorders

A

psychiatrists

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9
Q

A psychotherapists does what?

A

anyone who does therapy

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10
Q

____________ diagnoses treats and studeies meatal and emotional problems both mild and severe. Has a PhD, EdD or PsyD

A

clinical psychologist

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11
Q

A ___________ has an advanced degree (usually a PhD) and does applied or basic research

A

research psychologist

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12
Q

_________________ psychology: bodily events effect behavious, feelings and thoughts, including evolutionary biology

A

Biological

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13
Q

___________________ How the envirnment and experience affects actions; behaviouraliam and social cognitive learning

A

Learning Persective:

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14
Q

Psychological Perspective: ____________: “to know” how people reason, remember and understand actions feeling and choices

A

Cognative

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15
Q

_______________ perspective: unconcious dynamics, inner forces, conflicts and movement of insitictual energy

A

Psychodynamic

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16
Q

Psychological Perspective ______________: social and cultural effects

A

Sociocultural

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17
Q

List and discuss the five characteristics of scientific psychological research

A
  1. Precision: true value
  2. Skepticisim: treating conclustions with caution balanced by openess to ideas and evidence
  3. Reliance on empirical evidence
  4. WIllingness to make “risky predictions” principle of falsifiability, confirmaiton bias
  5. Openness: full disclosure of procedures
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18
Q

define Representatitve sample

A

a group of individuals of the population studies that matches the population on sex and age ranges

a represntative of the larger population

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19
Q

Descriptive methods

A

Methods that yeild descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily casual explanations

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20
Q

Case study

A

a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

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21
Q

Observational study

A

a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour withou interfering with the behaviour: it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory obsevation

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22
Q

psychological tests

A

procedures to measure, evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitiudes, interests, abilities and values

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23
Q

surveys

A

questionaries and interviews asking ppl about their experiences, attitudes, and opinions

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24
Q

What risks to analyzing case studies pose?

disadvantages?

A

Advantages:

  • good source of hypothesis
  • indepth look at individuals
  • unusual cases shed light on situations or problems that are unethical or impractical to study in other ways

Disadvantages:

  • oversiplification - anecdotes
  • drawing general conclusions about the population from a single individual not typical
  • vital info may be missing - hard to interpret
  • memories selective, or inacurate
25
what is the advantage to using naturalistic observational studies? disadvantages?
**_Advantages:_** * good first step in a program of research - helpful to have a description of behaviour before trying to explain it, * natural behaviour **_disadvantages_** - * unable to explain the behaviour, just to describe * gives the reseacherer little or no control of the situation * observations may be biased * does not establish cause and effect
26
What is the risk to the use of labratory observation? Advantages?
**_Advantages:_** * more control then naturalistic * use of sopphisticated equipment **_Disadvantages:_** * people may behave differetly when they know they are being observed * not good at explaining behaviour * observations may be biased * does not = cause and effect * limited control
27
what does it mean to standardize a test
in test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving a scoring the test
28
Scoring is usually done by referring to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or established standards of performance
norms
29
Test construction presents may challenges. For one thing, the tests must be ________ - that is, it must produce the came results from one time and place to the next or from one scorer to another
reliable
30
To be useful, a test must also be \_\_\_\_\_, which means that it must measure what it sets out to measure
valid
31
What are the advantages and the risks to doing surveys?
Positive: gather lots of info quickly, anonomous Negative: lying, hold inaccurate perceptions of themselves, misinterpret the survey question, misremember the past; usually volunteer, so not always representative of the population Risks: How the questions were asked, phrasing
32
Positive correlation
when one variable increases so does the other
33
Negative correlation
indirect relation
34
Correlation coefficient
-1 -\> +1
35
cautions of correlations
Impact of rumor & ancedote can change the populations perception illusiory correlations- not really related therefore correlations are not causations
36
A controlled test of a hypothesis in chic the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another
an experiment
37
Independent variable
A variable the an experimenter manipulates
38
Dependant variable
A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable
39
In an experiment, a comparison condition in which perticipants are not expeosed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition
control condition
40
A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group
random assignment
41
Placebo
an inactive substand or fake treatmen ues as a control in an experiment or give by a mediccal practitioner to a patient
42
single - blind study
an experiment in chich participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or control group
43
experimenter effexts
unintended chages in study participants' behaviour due to cues inadvertenetly given by the experimenter
44
double blind study
an experiment in cheich neither th epeople bein studied not the individuals running the study know who is in the control group aqnd who is in the experiemental group until after the results are tallied
45
Feild research
descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natureal setting outside the labratory
46
What are the advnatages and disadvantages to using a test to research psychology?
**_Advantages:_** * yeilds info on personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and abilities **_Disadvantages:_** * difficult to construct tests that are reliable and valid
47
What are the advantages and disadvantages to using a survey to research psychology?
**_Advantages:_** * large amount of info on a large numbers of people **_Disadvantages:_** * if a sample is nonrepresentative or biased, it may be impossile to generalize from the results * Responces may be inaccurate or untrue
48
What are the advantages and disadvantages to using a correlational study to research psychology?
**_Advantages:_** * shows whether two or more variables are related * allows general predictions **_Disadvantages:_** * usually does not find cause and effect
49
What are the advantages and disadvantages to using an experiment to research psychology?
**_Advantages:_** * allows researcher to control the situation * permits researcher to identify cause and effect and to distingush placebo effects fro treatment effects **_Disadvantages:_** * situation is artificial and may not generalize into the real world * sometimes difficulat to abouid experimenter effects
50
Descriptive statistics
Statistical prodedures that organizen and supparize research data
51
Arithmatic mean
An average the is Calculated by adding up a set of quantites and dividng the sum by the total number of quantities in the set
52
standard deviation
a commoly used measure of variability that indicats the average difference betewwn scores in a distribution and their mean
53
Inferential statistics
Statisctical prodedures that allow researcher to draw interences about how statisctically meaningful a study's results are
54
significance test
statisital test tha show how liekely it is that a study's results occurred merely by chance
55
cross secitonal study
a study in which people or onimals of different ages are compared at a given time
56
Longitudinal study
a study in chich people or animals are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time
57
Effect size
the amount of variance amond scores in a study accounted bor by the independent ariable
58
meta analysis
a procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particula variable
59
Outline the eight principles researchers must follow with human subjects
1. respect for human dignity 2. respect for free and informed consent 3. respect for vulnerable persons, such as childres 4. respect for privacy and confidentiality 5. respect for justice and inclusiveness 6. balancing harms and benefits 7. minimizing harm 8. maximizing benefit

Psychology TRU (6 decks)

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