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Psychology TRU > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

evolution to explain human commanalities in cognitioin, develpoment, emotion, social practices and other areas of behaviours

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2
Q

Behariour psychology

A

genetic basis of individual differences in behaviour and personality

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3
Q

genes

A

funtional units of heredity; comprised of DNA code for the structure of proteins

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

rod-shaped structure carrying the genes

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5
Q

DNA

A

chromosome molecule that transfersgenetic characteristics by way of coded instructions to create protein

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6
Q

genome

A

full set of genes in each cell of an orgainisim

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7
Q

genetic marker

A

location on DNA known; can function as a landmark - linkage studies - heritable traits can be involved in a physical or mental condition

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8
Q

evolution

A

Change within gene over a population over many generations; a mechanisim by which genetics influenced charatereisitcs of a population may change, -> formation of a new species

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9
Q

Mutation

A

change in genes; an arror in copying during gamete cell division

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10
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary process whater individuals with genetically infulenced traits adapt = increased survival, increased reprodution and therefore and increased number of individuals in the population

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11
Q

mental modules

A

collection of specialized and independant secitons of the brain - handles specific survival probles -> find food, mates

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12
Q

list 5 innate human characterisitcs

A
  1. infant reflees - nursing
  2. interest in novelty - unfamiliar
  3. desire to explore and manipulate objects
  4. desire to play and food around
  5. basic cognatice skills - innate ability for learn lanuage
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13
Q

language

A

a combination of unique sounds and movements = structured meaning

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14
Q

language aquisision device

A

innate metal module allows young children to develop language if exposed = universal grammar

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15
Q

What are the five features that support the Chomskyan position

A
  1. Children go through similar stages of linguistic development
  2. children use word combos adults never would
  3. children not always corrected for grammatical erros yet learn to speak and sign correctly anyways
  4. children not eposed to language invent their own
  5. young infants can derive liguistic rules from a string of sounds
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16
Q

overregulations

A

errors overgeneralized, non random shows that a child has grasped the grammatical rule

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17
Q

computer neural networks

A

mathematical models of the brain that “learn” by adjusting connections amound hypothetical neurons in response to incoming data

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18
Q

sociobiology

A

interdisciplinery feild emphasizing evolutionary expansions of social behaviour -> animals

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19
Q

Critisim of the “Genetic leash”

A
  1. Steriotypes vs. behaviour - doesn’t always match, sxeual promiscuity, chastity, and child rearing
  2. convenience vs. representative samples - surveying done eclusively on women up until 1973 = avoid oversimplification -
  3. What ppl say vs. what they do - choices vs actions
  4. Fred Flintstone problem - empasis on the Pleistocene ager -> agriculture, little access to potential mates, attraction = similarity and proimity
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20
Q

Social Darwinism

A

notion that wealther and successful people are more reproductively fit that other people

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21
Q

heritability

A

a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences amound indivivduals within a group.

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22
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

Twins that develop what a fertilized egg divides into two parts that develop into two seperate emryos

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23
Q

faterneal (dizycotic) twins

A

twins that develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm; they are no more alike genetically that are any other pair of siblings

24
Q

Define 3 important facts about heritability:

A
  1. an estimate of heritability applies only to a particular group living in a particular environment. Similarity vs diverse environment; richness and quality
  2. heritability applyies to variations within a group in a population = not individuals
  3. highly heritable traits can be modified by the environment
25
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

a measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a persons’ mental age by his chronological age and times 100; now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

26
Q

Problems with IQ tests

A
  • intelligence comes in many varieties, more than can be captured by a single score
  • culturally biased - middle class white
27
Q

What factores can negatively affect IQ

A
  1. Poor prenatal care
  2. malnourishment
  3. toxin exposures
  4. stressful family environment
28
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of changes in gene epression due to mechanisims other than structural changes in DNA

29
Q

Noam Chompsky argues that the ability to take the ________________ of any utterance and apply rules of synatc to infer its underlying ____________ must depend on an innate faculty for language, a ____________________sensitive to a ______________

A

surface structure

deep structure

language acquistion device

universal grammar

30
Q

______________ and ______________ argue that males and females have evolved different sexual courtship strategies in response to survival problems faced in the distant past

A

sociabiologists and evolutionary psychologists

31
Q

socialization

A

othe process by which children learn the behaviours, attidudes and expectations required of them by their society or culture

32
Q

Which influences on the embriotic development can be harmful to the baby

A
  • german measles
  • x-rays, radiation or toxins like lead
  • STD’s
  • cigarette smoking
  • regular consumption of alchohol
  • drugs
33
Q

contact comfort

A

in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment

34
Q

Separation anxiety

A

the distress that most children develp, at about 6 to 8 mo of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers

35
Q

What factors promote insecure attachment?

A
  • abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life
  • parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic b/c the parent is chronically irresponsible or clinically depressed
  • child’s own genetically influences temperament
  • stressful circumstances int he child’s family
36
Q

telegraphic speech

A

a child’s first wod combinations, which omit unecessary words

37
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, what an object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it

38
Q

conservation

A

the understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of items in a cluster ior the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes

39
Q

list Paiget’s steps of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years - looking touching, putting things in the mouth, sucking grasping - object permanance big accomplitshment at this stage
  2. preoperational stage - age 2- 7 - use of language and symbols , yet still lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles and mental operations, their thinking is egocerntric, cannot yet grasp the concept of conservation
  3. concrete operations stage - ages 7-12 - reasoning, abstract ideas, cause and effect, categorize
40
Q

the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky adopted which theory?

A

sociocultural influences on children’s cognitive development

Children learn by using private speech believe that the stages were not distinctive, may proceed in any number of directions - enviro, cultural and learning

41
Q

Why have some of Piaget’s ideas have been overturned?

A
  • cognitive abilities develop in overlapping waves rather then descrete steps
  • preschoolers are not as egocentric as one thought, they can take another persons’ perspective - children reveal cognitive abilities much earlier than piaget believed possible
  • cognitive development in influenced by a child’s culture
42
Q

Theory of mind

A

a system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the mind of others work, and how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings

43
Q

Power assertion

A

a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehaviour

44
Q

induction

A

a method of child rearing in whch the parent appeals to the child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feeling for others in correcting the child’ misbehaviour

45
Q

gender identity

A

the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender

46
Q

gender typing

A

the process by which children learn the abilibites, interests, and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture

47
Q

inter-sex conditions (inter-sexuality)

A

conditions in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a chold to be born with amiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infants’ chromosomes

48
Q

gender schema

A

a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs , metaphors and ecpectations about what it means to be male or female

49
Q

puberty

A

the age at which a person becomes capible of secual reproduction

50
Q

menache

A

the onset of menstration during puberty

51
Q

list the 8 stages of development

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. antonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs gulit
  4. competence vs inferiority
  5. Identity vs role confustion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. ego integrity vs despair
52
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems’ it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

53
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information aquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependant on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime

54
Q

Social Darwinism

A

The notion that wealthy and successful are more reproductivly fit than other people

55
Q
A

Psychology TRU (6 decks)

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