Unit 3 - Chapter 14 - Theories of Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

a distinctive and relaticely stable patter of behaviour, thoughts and motives and emotions that characterize an idividual

Question 2

Trait

Answer 2

A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling

Question 3

psychoanalysis

Answer 3

a theory of personality and a method of sychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it empasizes uncoscious motives and conflicts

Question 4

psychodynamic theories

Answer 4

theories that ecplin behavious and personlity in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

Question 5

id

Answer 5

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularily secual and aggressive instincts

Question 6

libito

Answer 6

in psychoanalysis, the secual energy that fuels the life or secual instincts of the id

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

in psychoanalsis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self control

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

in psychanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality and social standards

Question 9

defense mechanisim

Answer 9

methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anciety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

Question 10

List the five primary defenses identified by Freud

Answer 10

• Repression
• Projection
• Displacement
• Regression
• Denial

Question 11

psychosecual stages

Answer 11

in Freuds’ theory, the idea that secual energy takes different fors as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic (oedipal), latancy, and genital

Question 12

list the psychosecual stages

Answer 12

• oral
• anal-
• phallic
• latency
• genital

Question 13

Oedipus complec

Answer 13

in psychoanalysis, a conflict occuring in the phallice stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sec and views the soem sec parent as a rival

Question 14

Collective conconscious

Answer 14

in Jungian theory, the universal memories and ecperiences of humankind, represented in the symboals, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures

Question 15

Archetypes

Answer 15

universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious

Question 16

object-relations school

Answer 16

a psychodynamic approad that empasizes the importance of the infant’s first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships, especially with the mother

Question 17

What three scientific failings have psychodynemic theories guilty of

Answer 17

• violating the principle of falsifiability - can’t measure it
• drawing universal principles fro the ecperiences of a few atypical patients
• basing theories of personality deveopment on the retrospective accounts of adults

Question 18

objective tests (inventories)

Answer 18

standardized questionaires requiring written reponses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves

Question 19

Factor analysis

Answer 19

a statistical method for analyzinf the intercorrelations amond various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability

Question 20

list of the Big Five character traits

Answer 20

• Ectroverstion vs Introversion
• Neuroticism vs emotionall stability
• Agreeableness vs antagonisim
• conscientioursness vs impulsiveness
• openness to ecperience vs resistance to new ecperiences

Question 21

temperments

Answer 21

physiological dispositions to respond to the environement in certain ways, they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and are assumed to be innate

Question 22

heritability

Answer 22

a statistical estimate of the porprtion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences amond individuals witin a group

Question 23

reciprocal determinism

Answer 23

in social-cognitive theories, the two-way interactions between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

Question 24

nonshared environment

Answer 24

unique aspects of a persons’ environment and ecperience that are not shared with family members

Question 25

What three points that dismantle the hypothesis that personality is primarily determined by how parents treat their children

Answer 25

• shared environment kof the home has little if any influence on most personality traits
• few parenets have a single child-rearing style that is consistent over time and that they use with all their children
• even when parents try to be consistent in the way they treat their children, there may be little relation between what they do and how the children turn out

Question 26

culture

Answer 26

a program of shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of that community

Question 27

inividualist cultures

Answer 27

cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and the individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others

Question 28

collectivist cultures

Answer 28

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Question 29

humanist psychology

Answer 29

a psychological approach that empasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential

Question 30

unconditional positive regard

Answer 30

to carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached

Question 31

ecistentialism

Answer 31

a philisophical approach that empasiszes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human ecistence

Question 32

In human beings, individual differences in ___________ such as reactivity, soothability, and positive or negative emotionality, appear to be inborn, emerging early in life and influencing subsequent personality deveopment

Answer 32

temperment

Question 33

What may be the cause of tempermental differences between reactive and nonreactive children

Answer 33

due to variations in the responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system to change and novelty

Question 34

What is one major influence on children’s personlity

Answer 34

peer groups

Question 35

What is another ecplanationf for male agression thatn testosterone

Answer 35

influences by the economic reuirements of the vulture oa man grows up in
herding economies
cultures of honor

Question 36

what do humanists psychologists focus on?

Answer 36

a persons subjective sense of self and the free will to change

Question 37

What are Abraham Maslow’s concepts about human potential and the strengths of human nature?

Answer 37

peak ecperiences and self actualization

Question 38

What did Car Rogers identify as importatnt

Answer 38

unconditional positive regard in creating a fully functioning person

Question 39

What conceot did Rollo May bring forward?

Answer 39

ecistenitalism - emphasising some of the inherednt challenges of human ecistence that resulf from having free will, such as the search for the meaning of life

Question 40

define life narritive

Answer 40

the stories perope create to ecplain themselves and make sense of their lives
a way of understanding personality from the inside
may serve to suppress changes in our lives or encourage them

Question 41

What does the Barnum effect mean

Answer 41

being a sucker for fake inventories, horoscopes, handwriting analysis and other pseudoscientific “tests” of personality