Unit 3 - Chapter 14 - Theories of Personality Flashcards
personality
a distinctive and relaticely stable patter of behaviour, thoughts and motives and emotions that characterize an idividual
Trait
A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling
psychoanalysis
a theory of personality and a method of sychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it empasizes uncoscious motives and conflicts
psychodynamic theories
theories that ecplin behavious and personlity in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual
id
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularily secual and aggressive instincts
libito
in psychoanalysis, the secual energy that fuels the life or secual instincts of the id
ego
in psychoanalsis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self control
superego
in psychanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality and social standards
defense mechanisim
methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anciety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
List the five primary defenses identified by Freud
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Regression
- Denial
psychosecual stages
in Freuds’ theory, the idea that secual energy takes different fors as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic (oedipal), latancy, and genital
list the psychosecual stages
- oral
- anal-
- phallic
- latency
- genital
Oedipus complec
in psychoanalysis, a conflict occuring in the phallice stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sec and views the soem sec parent as a rival
Collective conconscious
in Jungian theory, the universal memories and ecperiences of humankind, represented in the symboals, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures
Archetypes
universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious
object-relations school
a psychodynamic approad that empasizes the importance of the infant’s first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships, especially with the mother
What three scientific failings have psychodynemic theories guilty of
- violating the principle of falsifiability - can’t measure it
- drawing universal principles fro the ecperiences of a few atypical patients
- basing theories of personality deveopment on the retrospective accounts of adults
objective tests (inventories)
standardized questionaires requiring written reponses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves
Factor analysis
a statistical method for analyzinf the intercorrelations amond various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability
list of the Big Five character traits
- Ectroverstion vs Introversion
- Neuroticism vs emotionall stability
- Agreeableness vs antagonisim
- conscientioursness vs impulsiveness
- openness to ecperience vs resistance to new ecperiences
temperments
physiological dispositions to respond to the environement in certain ways, they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and are assumed to be innate
heritability
a statistical estimate of the porprtion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences amond individuals witin a group
reciprocal determinism
in social-cognitive theories, the two-way interactions between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits
nonshared environment
unique aspects of a persons’ environment and ecperience that are not shared with family members
