Unit 3: Body Systems, The Digestive System

Question 1

What is the small intestine

Answer 1

Where most chemical digestion occurs.
-Proteins, carbs, lipids are fully digested.
-Absorption also begins

Question 2

Parts of the small intestine

Answer 2

1. Duodenum: contains pancreatic juices and bile that allow most of digestion to occur
2. jejunum: Remaining breakdown of carbs and proteins
   3.Ileum: Absorption of nutrients

Question 3

Hierarchy of living things

Answer 3

-cells:simplest unit of life
-tissues: group of specialized cells that carry out functions
-organs: Specialized tissues that group to carry out a function for the body
-organ system:Group of organs that carry a function
-organism: all of the tings bellow build an organism

Question 4

Metabolic processes

Answer 4

1. Ingestion: take in nutrients in the form of food
2. Digestion:Breaking down food to get nutrients needed
3. Absorption: Taking in nutrients from digested food
4. Egestion: Ridding the body of waste products that results from steps above

Question 5

4 types of macromolecules

Answer 5

1. Carbohydrates
   2.Lipids
   3.Proteins
2. Nucleic acids

Question 6

Carbs (macromolecules)

Answer 6

-compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
-main energy source for your body
-divided into simple and complex carbs

Question 7

Simple carbs

Answer 7

-includes sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) like fruit, honey and milk
-Glucose is a type of sugar molecules which cells breakdown to extract their stored energy as their main fuel supply
-Cells also use carbon chains of simple sugars like raw material to manufacture other kinds of molecules
-glucose that your cells do not use immediately are incorporated into larger carbs or are used to make fast molecules (adapose tissue)

Question 8

Complex carbs

Answer 8

-includes starches : whole grains, rice, potatoes
-Broken down into simple sugars/ carbs by your digestive system and absorbed into the blood and carried to the cells of the body
-excess blood sugar is converted into glycogen (stored in the liver, muscles and fat cells)
-glycogen is a chain of many glucose molecules .
-when the body needs energy it breaks down glycogen releasing glucose

Question 9

Lipids (macromolecule)

Answer 9

-fats
-formed from fatty acids and glycerol
-store energy in the body and help the body absorb fat soluble vitamins
-cushion organs, insulate

Question 10

3 types of fats

Answer 10

-saturated
-unsaturated
-trans

Question 11

Saturated fats

Answer 11

-fats that only have single bonds between carbon atoms
-called saturated as each of these carbon atoms has a max number of hydrogen atoms
-ex, animal fats, lard, butter
-diets rich in saturated fats cause build up of fat deposits within the walls of blood vessels that reduce blood flow and cause heart disease

Question 12

Unsaturated fats

Answer 12

-at least one double bond in a fatty acid chain
-ex, vegetables, fish, fruit, olive oil, avocado
-liquid at room temperature

Question 13

Trans fats

Answer 13

-unsaturated fats that have been partially hydrogenated
-processed to accept more hydrogen atoms
-solid at room temperature

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

-complex molecule constructed from amino acids
-20 amino acids
-proteins: form hair and muscles, long term nutrient storage, circulate in the blood, make antibodies, work with enzymes to control chemical reactions in a cell
-enzymes that are not consumed in a reaction but speed up chemical reactions

Question 15

Amino acids

Answer 15

-8 essential amino acids, you can’t make form other molecules
- if you are missing one you can’t make protein properly
-ex, meat, milk eggs, cheese provide 8 aa
-people who are vegan need to get the aa from different sources

Question 16

Vitamins

Answer 16

-organic nutrients (nutrients that contain carbon)
-in small amounts to regulate metabolic processes and perform chemical reactions

Question 17

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 17

-vitamin b and c
-can’t be stored in the body, should be in the body everyday

Question 18

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 18

• vitamins a d e k
  -small amounts can be stored in fatty tissues

Question 19

Minerals

Answer 19

-inorganic nutrients that don’t contain carbon
-calcium, iron, copper, sodium, phosphorous, zinc
-you require a variety of minerals ex. Calcium to make bones and teeth

Question 20

Water

Answer 20

• most important nutrient
  -cells need water to complete its processes
  -bodily chemical reaction take place in water
  -water makes up bodily fluids and blood
  -drink one litre a day

Question 21

Large intestine parts

Answer 21

-contains the appendix and the colon
-colon absorbs water ad minerals, contains bacteria that breaks down nutrients

Question 22

4 parts to the colon

Answer 22

-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon

Question 23

Rectum and anus

Answer 23

Rectum : stores fecal matter
-feces moves out of the anus as the anal sphincter relaxes

Question 24

Mechanical and chemical digestion steps

Answer 24

1. Mouth
   2.stomach
2. Small intestine
3. Large intestine

Question 25

Mechanical and chemical digestion step 1

Answer 25

Mouth
-mechanical digestion occurs by chewing
-chemical digestion occurs when salivary gland prince saliva
-saliva contains amylase which chemically breaks down starch
-food is now a bonus (partially digested)

Question 26

Mechanical and chemical digestion step 2

Answer 26

Stomach
-where bolus is stored
-protein digestion occurs
-gastric juices are secreted

Question 27

3 types of gastric juices in the stomach

Answer 27

1. HCL1 (hydrochloric acid): kills bacteria, kills viruses in undigested foods converts pepsinogen to pepsin by cleaving it
2. Pepsin: protein digesting enzyme, breaks proteins into shorter polypeptides
   3.Mucus: protects stomach lining form HCL and digestive enzymes

Question 28

Mechanical and chemical digestion step 3

Answer 28

Small intestine
-most digestion occurs
-partially digested food is bathed in acid and pepsin enzymes
-pancreas secretes a pancreatic juice into SI that breaks down proteins, fats and carbs
-trypsinogen is released from the pancreas and converted to trypsin by enterokinase

Question 29

Mechanical and chemical digestion step 4

Answer 29

Large intestine
-NO mechanical and chemical digestion
-Stores waste long enough for water, minerals and vitamins to be absorbed
-E. coli is present and makes vitamin k

Question 30

Optimal factors for enzymes

Answer 30

Enzymes: are proteins that work to breakdown food into smaller substances
-Temperature: Should be at body temperature (36-38)
-Ph: depends on the part of the body ex, mouth is stomach
-if optimal factors are exceeded the enzymes looses its form (denatures)
-when optimal factors are not reached the enzyme remains inactive

Question 31

Extracellular Digestion

Answer 31

Outside cells

Question 32

Intercellular digestion

Answer 32

Within cells by a single celled organism

Question 33

Chemical digestion

Answer 33

Uses enzymes to break chemical bonds within a food molecule ex, protein -> amino acid

Question 34

Mechanical digestion

Answer 34

Breaking apart of food into smaller pieces