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Grade 11 Biology > Unit 1: Biodiversity Section 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biodiversity Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

General characteristics of protists

A

-Mostly single celled organisms
-Eukaryotes
-generally live in an aquatic environment

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2
Q

What are the three main groups of protists

A

-Animal like protists
-Fungus like protists
-Plant like protists

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3
Q

Animal like protists

A

-heterotrophs (doesn’t create its own food)
-Many are parasites
Ex. Phylum cercozoan, phylum ciliophora, phylum zoomastigina, phylum sporozoa

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4
Q

Parasites

A

-reside in another organism (the host) and takes their nutrients at their expense.

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5
Q

Phylum Cercozoan

A

-They do not have a cell wall and their shape changes using an eternal cytoskeleton
-They have temporary extensions of their cytoplasm called pseudopods which are used for locomotion and feeding

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6
Q

Phylum Ciliophora

A

-Have short hair projections called cilia, used for locomotion and sweeping away food particles.
-Large and complex
-Some are parasites

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7
Q

Phylum Zoomastigina

A

-They have flagella to help them move by whipping side to side
-Some are parasites
-Some are mutualistic meaning both the flagellate and the organism benefit

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8
Q

Phylum Sporozoa

A

-Parasites to animals
-Life cycles alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction

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9
Q

Plant like protists

A

Diatoms
-Diverse
-Rigid cell wall made of silica
-Prefer asexual reproduction through mitosis
Dinoflagellates
-Phytoplankton but have 2 flagella
-Reproduce quickly leading to algal bloom
-Responsible for red tide (an algal bloom that has a red pigment)
Euglenoids
-found in shallow water
-have a chloroplast to do photosynthesis and can also eat (autotrophic and heterotrophic)
-have an eyespot to detect light

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10
Q

Fungus like protists

A

-Heterotrophs called decomposers
-Produce a spore to reproduce
-Have a cell wall but different from plants and fungus

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11
Q

Algae

A

-A multicellular protist
-Photosynthetic

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12
Q

Types of algae

A

-Brown algae
-Red algae
-Green algae

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13
Q

Brown Algae

A

-largest and most complex protist
-don’t have true roots but create “underwater” forest as shelter for marine life
-responsible for 70% of our oxygen

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14
Q

Red Algae

A

-Believed to be the first multicellular organism on earth
-Photosynthetic and have chlorophyll

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15
Q

Green Algae

A

-Mostly aquatic, freshwater
-Plant like
-Chlorophyll and cell wall with cellulose

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16
Q

General characteristics of the Fungus kingdom

A

-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular (except yeast)
-Heterotrophs that feed by releasing digestive enzymes
-Absorb digested nutrients into their cells
-Many are decomposers
-Have a cell wall made of a carb called CHITIN
-Live on dying and dead organisms

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17
Q

Structure of Fungi

A

-Hyphae are the basic structural unit of fungi
-Hyphae are dense & difficult to separate
-They form a branching network called mycelium
-Mycelia live in soil and absorb nutrients from dying woods and animals.
-Reproduce using the fruiting body
-Fruiting body reproduce using spores

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18
Q

Fungal reproduction

A

-Reproduce sexually and asexually
-Asexual: Produces a spore as gametes that is haploid (only has 1 set of DNA “n”)
-Sexual: Gametes fuse to create a diploid reproductive cell (which has 2 sets of DNA “2n”) called a sporophyte tage

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19
Q

Exclusive asexual reproduction

A

-Some fungi like yeast only do asexual reproduction
-fragmentation is when part of their mycelium breaks off and forms a new identical individual

20
Q

5 main groups of fungal classification

A
  1. Phylum Deuteromycota (thought to reproduce asexually, penicillin)
  2. Phylum Chytridiomycota (aquatic, spores with flagella, can be parasitic)
  3. phylum Zygomycota (multicellular organism, terrestrial, produce asexually create zygospores)
  4. Sac Fungi/Phylum Ascomycota (develop finger-like sacs called asci during sexual reproduction)
  5. Club Fungi/ Phylum Basidiomycota (Fuiting body, parasitic)
21
Q

Fungal nutrition

A

Parasitic: Absorbs nutrients from the host
Predatory: Soil fungi
Mutualistic:Have relationships with plants protists
Saprobial: organism that feeds off of dead organisms

22
Q

General Characteristics of of Kingdom plantae (Plants)

A

-All multicellular
-Eukaryotic
-Most reproduce sexually
-have a cell wall with cellulose
-Mostly Terrestrial some aquatic
-Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
-Autotrophs
-Store sugar as starch

23
Q

How plants left water for land (Adaptations)

A

-Plants needed protection from drying out
They used:
1. plant embryo
2. Vascular tissues
3.Leaves
4. Roots

24
Q

Plant Embryo (adaptation)

A

-Small, simple plant that is independent of the parent plant for a time

25
Q

Vascular Tissues (adaptations)

A

-Xylem: Carries water and minerals absorbed by roots to the rest of the plant
-Phloem: Carries larger dissolved solutes/molecules such as sugar through the plant

26
Q

Roots (adaptations)

A

Provide anchorage and specialized cells that absorb and transport water and minerals

27
Q

Leaves (adaptations)

A

Increased surface area which helps with photosynthesis ( more light can be captured)

28
Q

Diatoms

A

Plant like protist
-Diverse
-Rigid cell wall made of silica
-Prefer asexual reproduction through mitosis

29
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

-Phytoplankton but have 2 flagella
-Reproduce quickly leading to algal bloom
-Responsible for red tide (an algal bloom that has a red pigment)

30
Q

Euglanoids

A

Plant like protist

found in shallow water

31
Q

Kingdom animal characteristics

A

-All eukaryotes
-All multicellular
-Always no cell wall
-Motile (can move)
-Sexual reproduction

32
Q

How to classify animals

A

1.Levels of organization
2. Number of body layers
3.Symmetry and body plans
4.Body cavity
5. Segmentation
6.Movement
7. Reproduction
(How complex?)

33
Q

Levels of organization (classification)

A

-Least complex to most complex
Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism

34
Q

Number of body Layers

A

-germ layers are layers of cells that develop in early embryonic development
-There are 3 germ layers:
1.Ectoderm (out) develops into skin, nerves and sensory organs
2.Mesoderm (middle) develops into muscle tissue, blood, kidneys and reproductive organs
3. Endoderm (inner) develops into lungs, liver, bladder and stomach lining
-More layers = more developed and complex

35
Q

Symmetry and body plans

A

1.Asymmetric -body shape is irregular
2.Radical Symmetry-they can be divided along any plane parallel to the body axis (ex. Jellyfish divided like a pizza)
3. Bilateral symmetry-can be divided into two mirror planes along the central body axis (most complex)

36
Q

Body cavities

A

-Area that suspends/holds fluids,tissues and organs
-Coelomates have a coelom (Digestive tracts & other organs in a fluid filled cavity)-more complex
-Acoelomates have no coelom (less complex)

37
Q

Segmentation

A

The division of the body into repetitive sections or segments
-if one segment damaged the rest can work

38
Q

Movement

A

Organisms that move are more complex
They are motile
-Sessile means anchored to the ground

39
Q

Reproduction

A

-most animals use gametic haploid reproduction (eggs and sperm)
-zygotes are produced through fertilization
-External fertilization (aquatic )
-Internal fertilization (combine in female body)

40
Q

Chordata

A

Organisms in phylum chordata have:
1. Notochord- flexible tube structure found during vertebrae development that is replaced by a spine
2. Dorsal Nerve Chord- tube structure along the back of the body that becomes the brain and spinal chord
3.Tail-A tail during development that will eventually become a tailbone in humans or stay a tail
4. Pharynx-junction between the digestive tract and the respiratory tract
-Least complex to most complex
-you need all of these to a a vertabrate

41
Q

Non vascular plants

A

-No xylem or phloem

42
Q

2 types of seed producing vascular plants

A

Gymnosperms
-produce male & female cones
-seeds are exposed open its cones

Angiosperms
-covers seeds with fruit or flower
-have male and female structures

43
Q

Monocot

A

-seeds contain the plant embryo and a specialized structure called a cotyledon
-cotyledons are structures that nourish the plant to help it grow
-monocots have one cotyledon

44
Q

Dicot

A

-seeds contain the plant embryo and a specialized structure called a cotyledon
-cotyledons are structures that nourish the plant to help it grow
-dicots have 2 cotyledons

45
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Viral reproduction
1. Phage attachment
2.dna circularizes and becomes part of the lytic or lysogenic cycle
3.New DNA is synthesized into virions
4.Cell lyses (releases phages)

Grade 11 Biology (7 decks)

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