Unit 1: Biodiversity Section 2 Flashcards
General characteristics of protists
-Mostly single celled organisms
-Eukaryotes
-generally live in an aquatic environment
What are the three main groups of protists
-Animal like protists
-Fungus like protists
-Plant like protists
Animal like protists
-heterotrophs (doesn’t create its own food)
-Many are parasites
Ex. Phylum cercozoan, phylum ciliophora, phylum zoomastigina, phylum sporozoa
Parasites
-reside in another organism (the host) and takes their nutrients at their expense.
Phylum Cercozoan
-They do not have a cell wall and their shape changes using an eternal cytoskeleton
-They have temporary extensions of their cytoplasm called pseudopods which are used for locomotion and feeding
Phylum Ciliophora
-Have short hair projections called cilia, used for locomotion and sweeping away food particles.
-Large and complex
-Some are parasites
Phylum Zoomastigina
-They have flagella to help them move by whipping side to side
-Some are parasites
-Some are mutualistic meaning both the flagellate and the organism benefit
Phylum Sporozoa
-Parasites to animals
-Life cycles alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction
Plant like protists
Diatoms
-Diverse
-Rigid cell wall made of silica
-Prefer asexual reproduction through mitosis
Dinoflagellates
-Phytoplankton but have 2 flagella
-Reproduce quickly leading to algal bloom
-Responsible for red tide (an algal bloom that has a red pigment)
Euglenoids
-found in shallow water
-have a chloroplast to do photosynthesis and can also eat (autotrophic and heterotrophic)
-have an eyespot to detect light
Fungus like protists
-Heterotrophs called decomposers
-Produce a spore to reproduce
-Have a cell wall but different from plants and fungus
Algae
-A multicellular protist
-Photosynthetic
Types of algae
-Brown algae
-Red algae
-Green algae
Brown Algae
-largest and most complex protist
-don’t have true roots but create “underwater” forest as shelter for marine life
-responsible for 70% of our oxygen
Red Algae
-Believed to be the first multicellular organism on earth
-Photosynthetic and have chlorophyll
Green Algae
-Mostly aquatic, freshwater
-Plant like
-Chlorophyll and cell wall with cellulose
General characteristics of the Fungus kingdom
-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular (except yeast)
-Heterotrophs that feed by releasing digestive enzymes
-Absorb digested nutrients into their cells
-Many are decomposers
-Have a cell wall made of a carb called CHITIN
-Live on dying and dead organisms
Structure of Fungi
-Hyphae are the basic structural unit of fungi
-Hyphae are dense & difficult to separate
-They form a branching network called mycelium
-Mycelia live in soil and absorb nutrients from dying woods and animals.
-Reproduce using the fruiting body
-Fruiting body reproduce using spores
Fungal reproduction
-Reproduce sexually and asexually
-Asexual: Produces a spore as gametes that is haploid (only has 1 set of DNA “n”)
-Sexual: Gametes fuse to create a diploid reproductive cell (which has 2 sets of DNA “2n”) called a sporophyte tage
Exclusive asexual reproduction
-Some fungi like yeast only do asexual reproduction
-fragmentation is when part of their mycelium breaks off and forms a new identical individual
5 main groups of fungal classification
- Phylum Deuteromycota (thought to reproduce asexually, penicillin)
- Phylum Chytridiomycota (aquatic, spores with flagella, can be parasitic)
- phylum Zygomycota (multicellular organism, terrestrial, produce asexually create zygospores)
- Sac Fungi/Phylum Ascomycota (develop finger-like sacs called asci during sexual reproduction)
- Club Fungi/ Phylum Basidiomycota (Fuiting body, parasitic)
Fungal nutrition
Parasitic: Absorbs nutrients from the host
Predatory: Soil fungi
Mutualistic:Have relationships with plants protists
Saprobial: organism that feeds off of dead organisms
General Characteristics of of Kingdom plantae (Plants)
-All multicellular
-Eukaryotic
-Most reproduce sexually
-have a cell wall with cellulose
-Mostly Terrestrial some aquatic
-Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
-Autotrophs
-Store sugar as starch
How plants left water for land (Adaptations)
-Plants needed protection from drying out
They used:
1. plant embryo
2. Vascular tissues
3.Leaves
4. Roots
Plant Embryo (adaptation)
-Small, simple plant that is independent of the parent plant for a time
Vascular Tissues (adaptations)
-Xylem: Carries water and minerals absorbed by roots to the rest of the plant
-Phloem: Carries larger dissolved solutes/molecules such as sugar through the plant
Roots (adaptations)
Provide anchorage and specialized cells that absorb and transport water and minerals
Leaves (adaptations)
Increased surface area which helps with photosynthesis ( more light can be captured)
Diatoms
Plant like protist
-Diverse
-Rigid cell wall made of silica
-Prefer asexual reproduction through mitosis
Dinoflagellates
-Phytoplankton but have 2 flagella
-Reproduce quickly leading to algal bloom
-Responsible for red tide (an algal bloom that has a red pigment)
Euglanoids
Plant like protist
found in shallow water
Kingdom animal characteristics
-All eukaryotes
-All multicellular
-Always no cell wall
-Motile (can move)
-Sexual reproduction
How to classify animals
1.Levels of organization
2. Number of body layers
3.Symmetry and body plans
4.Body cavity
5. Segmentation
6.Movement
7. Reproduction
(How complex?)
Levels of organization (classification)
-Least complex to most complex
Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
Number of body Layers
-germ layers are layers of cells that develop in early embryonic development
-There are 3 germ layers:
1.Ectoderm (out) develops into skin, nerves and sensory organs
2.Mesoderm (middle) develops into muscle tissue, blood, kidneys and reproductive organs
3. Endoderm (inner) develops into lungs, liver, bladder and stomach lining
-More layers = more developed and complex
Symmetry and body plans
1.Asymmetric -body shape is irregular
2.Radical Symmetry-they can be divided along any plane parallel to the body axis (ex. Jellyfish divided like a pizza)
3. Bilateral symmetry-can be divided into two mirror planes along the central body axis (most complex)
Body cavities
-Area that suspends/holds fluids,tissues and organs
-Coelomates have a coelom (Digestive tracts & other organs in a fluid filled cavity)-more complex
-Acoelomates have no coelom (less complex)
Segmentation
The division of the body into repetitive sections or segments
-if one segment damaged the rest can work
Movement
Organisms that move are more complex
They are motile
-Sessile means anchored to the ground
Reproduction
-most animals use gametic haploid reproduction (eggs and sperm)
-zygotes are produced through fertilization
-External fertilization (aquatic )
-Internal fertilization (combine in female body)
Chordata
Organisms in phylum chordata have:
1. Notochord- flexible tube structure found during vertebrae development that is replaced by a spine
2. Dorsal Nerve Chord- tube structure along the back of the body that becomes the brain and spinal chord
3.Tail-A tail during development that will eventually become a tailbone in humans or stay a tail
4. Pharynx-junction between the digestive tract and the respiratory tract
-Least complex to most complex
-you need all of these to a a vertabrate
Non vascular plants
-No xylem or phloem
2 types of seed producing vascular plants
Gymnosperms
-produce male & female cones
-seeds are exposed open its cones
Angiosperms
-covers seeds with fruit or flower
-have male and female structures
Monocot
-seeds contain the plant embryo and a specialized structure called a cotyledon
-cotyledons are structures that nourish the plant to help it grow
-monocots have one cotyledon
Dicot
-seeds contain the plant embryo and a specialized structure called a cotyledon
-cotyledons are structures that nourish the plant to help it grow
-dicots have 2 cotyledons
Lytic cycle
Viral reproduction
1. Phage attachment
2.dna circularizes and becomes part of the lytic or lysogenic cycle
3.New DNA is synthesized into virions
4.Cell lyses (releases phages)
