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Human Physiology 2 > Unit 3 - Blood PART C > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Blood PART C Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of formed elements (blood cells) from PLURIPOTENT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS found in bone marrow.

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2
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

A
  • develop into many diff. cell types
  • as they specialize, they narrow their possible fates
    1st - become UNCOMMITTED STEM CELLS
    2nd - then PROGENITOR CELLS that are committed to developing into RBC’s, lymphocytes, other WBC’s, & megakaryocytes (parent cells of platelets)
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3
Q

Bone marrow

A

a soft tissue that fills the hollow center of bones

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4
Q

Red marrow =

A

active hematopoiesis (25% of overall production = RBCs, 75% = WBCs)

  • contains HEMOGLOBIN - O2 binding protein of RBC’s
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5
Q

Yellow marrow =

A

adipose cells (fat cells), inactive hematopoiesis

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6
Q

Formed Elements: (3 main cellular elements found in body)

A
  1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells or RBCs)
  2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells or WBCs)
  3. Platelets (formed from megakaryocytes).
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7
Q

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells or RBCs)

A
  • have LOST their nuclei by the time they enter the bloodstream
  • key role in transporting O2 from lungs to tissues, & CO2 from tissues to lungs
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8
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells or WBC’s)

A
  • ONLY functional cells in the circulation
  • key role in body’s immune response, defending the body against foreign invaders (parasites, bacteria, & viruses etc.)
  • most circulate through the body in the blood, but their work is usually carried out in the tissues rather than in the circulatory system
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9
Q

What are the 5 types of mature Leukocytes (WBC’s)?

A

a. Lymphocytes
b. Monocytes
c. Neutrophils
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A

produced directly from Pluripotent stem cell.

  • produce specific immune responses directed against invaders
  • sometimes called IMMUNOCYTES

WBC

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11
Q

Monocytes

A
  • phagocytes; after migrating into tissues, they develop into MACROPHAGES

WBC

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • mobile phagocytes that ingest foreign substances & pathogens

WBC

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13
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • produce toxic compounds directed against invading pathogens

WBC

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14
Q

Basophils

A

(in tissues = mast cells)

  • tissue basophils are also called MAST CELLS

WBC

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15
Q

What develops from the same committed progenitor cell?

A

Monocytes & Neutrophils

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16
Q

What is collectively known as Phagocytes? Why?

A

Monocytes, Macrophages (what monocytes dev. into), & Neutrophils

b/c they can engulf & ingest foreign particles such as bacteria (phagocytosis)

17
Q

What are called granulocytes? Why?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophils

  • b/c they contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance
18
Q

Platelets

A

formed from megakaryocytes

  • also LACK a nucleus
  • are CELL FRAGMENTS that have split off a relatively large parent cell known as MEGAKARYOCYTE
  • instrumental in COAGULATION - process by which blood clots prevent blood loss in damaged vessels
19
Q

Hematopoiesis is a…

A

Specialization of stem cells into specific blood cell types

is regulated by cytokines:

20
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • chemical factors

- peptides or proteins released from 1 cell that affect the growth or activity of another cell

21
Q

What 4 cytokines is Hematopoiesis regulated by?

A
  1. Interleukins (e.g. IL-3)
  2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
  3. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
  4. Thrombopoietin (TPO)
22
Q

Interleukins EX & FUNCTION

A

e.g. IL-3 –> numbered names are given to cytokines once their AA sequences have been identified

  • variety of functions including stimulation of uncommitted
    stem cells to form committed progenitor cells.

(role in immune system)

23
Q

Where are Interleukins produced & released by?

A

Produced and released by WBCs to act on other WBCs

24
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) FUNCTION

A
  • stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)

(helps the body maintain HOMEOSTASIS, by stimulating the syn. of RBC’s, EPO puts more hemoglobin into the circulation to carry O2)

(glycoprotein, made on demand & not stored, as classic peptide hormones are)

REGULATES RBC PRODUCTION

25
Q

Where are Erythropoietin (EPO) produced & released?

A

produced and released by the KIDNEYS in response to low
oxygen levels (hypoxia). People who are adapted to live at
high altitude have a higher hematocrit as a result.

  • helps the body maintain HOMEOSTASIS, by stimulating the syn. of RBC’s, EPO puts more hemoglobin into the circulation to carry O2
26
Q

Pathway to form a Erythrocyte

A

Erythroblasts (nucleated) –> Reticulocyte –> Erythrocyte (anucleate)

27
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) FUNCTION

A
  • stimulate leukopoiesis (white blood cell production (& dev.))
  • Responds to need. (e.g. during bacterial infection, CSFs
    stimulate production of neutrophils and monocytes.; viral
    infections cause increase in proportion of lymphocytes).

REGULATE LEUKOPOIESIS
(named for their ability to stimulate the growth of leukocyte colonies in culture)
(induce both cell division (mitosis) & cell maturation in stem cells (loses ability when leukocyte matures)

28
Q

What are Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) secreted by?

A
  • Secreted by endothelial cells and fibroblasts in bone marrow, and by other leukocytes.
29
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO) FUNCTION

A
  • regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes (parent cell of platelets) (and therefore platelet production).

REGULATES PLATELET FORMATION

30
Q

What are Thrombopoietin (TPO) produced & secreted by?

A

Produced and secreted by the LIVER

31
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) SUMMARY

A

cytokine involved in hematopoiesis

Site of production: KIDNEY CELLS primarily

Influences growth or differentiation of: RBC’s

32
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO) SUMMARY

A

Cytokine involved in Hematopoiesis

Site of production: LIVER primarily

Influences growth or differentiation of: MEGAKARYOCYTES

33
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs), Interleukins, stem cell factor SUMMARY

A

Cytokine involved in Hematopoiesis

Site of production: ENDOTHELIUM & FIBROBLASTS of BONE MARROW, LEUKOCYTES

Influences growth or differentiation of: All types of BLOOD CELLS; MOBILIZES hematopoietic stem cells

Human Physiology 2 (37 decks)

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