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Human Physiology 2 > Unit 1 - CV System The Heart PART C > Flashcards

Unit 1 - CV System The Heart PART C Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a hydraulic pump required?

A

In order to sustain the pressure gradients needed to create the blood flow necessary to transport material (nutrients, gases, wastes, etc.) throughout the body

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2
Q

The heart is a fascinating organ in that begins beating after only…

A

3-6 weeks after fertilization

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3
Q

It will beat on average ______ times before we die

A

3 billion

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4
Q

Even when the heart is removed from the body, it can…

A

continue to beat on its own, without any need for nervous stimulation

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5
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

in the center of the thorax, sandwiched b/t the lungs

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6
Q

Must contract from the _____ so that blood is squeezed out of the ____

A

BOTTOM UP

TOP

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7
Q

List the 4 features of the heart structure?

A

a. Four chambers
b. Walls of each chamber are composed of 3 layers
c. Pericardial sac
d. Heart Valves

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8
Q

What are the 4 chambers?

A

i. Left and right atria

ii. Left and right ventricles

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers that walls of each chamber are composed of?

A

i. Endocardium
ii. Myocardium
iii. Epicardium (= visceral pericardium)

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

inner epithelial lining of the heart (continuous with lining of blood vessels)

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11
Q

Myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle cells joined together by intercalated disks that contain gap junctions that allow ions to flow directly between cells (electrical coupling)
  • 99% of cells are normal contractile cells
  • 1% of cells are non-contractile cells referred to as “autorhythmic cells” that form a network called the conduction system.
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12
Q

____ of cells are normal contractile cells

A

99%

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13
Q

____ of cells are non-contractile cells referred to as “_________” that form a network called the ___________.

A

1%

autorhythmic cells

conduction system

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle cells contract…

A

without innervention

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15
Q

Epicardium (= visceral pericardium)

A
  • epithelial lining covering the outer surface of the heart
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16
Q

1st, ____ contract together, then the _____ contract together

A

ATRIA

VENTRICLES

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17
Q

“Autorhythmic cells”

A

form a network called the conduction system

  • specialized to generate APs spontaneously
  • has a special ability (specialized myocardial cells) to contract without any outside signals
  • AKA pacemakers b/c they set the rate of the heartbeat
  • don’t contribute to the contractile force of the heart
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18
Q

Surrounding and protecting the heart =

A

Pericardial sac

19
Q

Where is the pericardial sac formed from?

A

formed from parietal pericardium fused to the fibrous pericardium (thick layer of connective tissue)

20
Q

What does the pericardial sac prevent?

A

Prevents overdistension of the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures

21
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity space?

A

between pericardial sac and epicardium

22
Q

What does the pericardial cavity space contain?

A

contains serous fluid that reduces the friction resulting from contractions

23
Q

Heart Valves

A

passive unidirectional valves (open in response to
changes in pressure) that PREVENT the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the large vessels to the ventricles.

24
Q

What do heart valves open in response to?

A

open in response to changes in pressure

25
Q

What are the 2 kinds of heart valves?

A

i. Atrioventricular valves (between atria and ventricles)

ii. Semilunar valves (between ventricles and larger arteries)

26
Q

Where are the Atrioventricular valves located?

A

between atria and ventricles

27
Q

What are the 2 types of Atrioventricular valves (AV)?

A
  • TRIcuspid valve

- BIcuspid valve

28
Q

Where is the TRIcuspid valve located?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

29
Q

Where is the BIcuspid valve located?

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

30
Q

For Atrioventricular valves, ____ pressure in the ventricles due to ventricular ________ CLOSES them

A

HIGH

CONTRACTION

*when a ventricle contracts, blood pushes against the bottom side of its AV valve & forces it upward into a closed position

31
Q

For Atrioventricular valves, when ventricles _____, pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the atria and the valves ___.

A

RELAX

OPEN

32
Q

Where are the Semilunar valves located?

A

between ventricles and larger arteries

33
Q

What are the 2 types of Semilunar valves?

A
  • aortic semilunar valve

- pulmonary semilunar valve

34
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

between left ventricle and the aorta

35
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

36
Q

The Semilunar valves…

A

DON’T need connective tendons as the AV valves do

37
Q

For Semilunar valves, HIGH pressure in the ventricles due to ventricular ________ _____ them

A

CONTRACTION

OPENS

38
Q

For Semilunar valves, when the ventricles RELAX, pressure in the ventricles ____ _____ that in the
large vessels, and the HIGHER pressure in the aorta/pulmonary trunk _____ the semilunar valves.

A

FALLS BELOW

CLOSES

39
Q

During ventricular CONSTRICTION, the ____ _____ remain ______ to…

A

AV VALVES

CLOSED

PREVENT BLOOD FLOW BACKWARD INTO THE ATRIA

40
Q

During ventricular RELAXATION, the ______ ______…

A

SEMILUNAR VALVES

PREVENTS BLOOD THAT HAS ENTERED THE ARTERIES FROM FLOWING BACK INTO THE VENTRICLES

41
Q

What is the Chordae tendineae and the Papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae:

  • collagenous tendons
  • AV valves connects to this
  • prevent valve from being pushed back into the atrium (if it fails, prolapse is the result)

Papillary muscles:
- provide stability for the chordae

42
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A

4 fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE RINGS that surround the 4 heart valves

43
Q

What do the Fibrous skeleton do?

A

i. Prevent collapse of valve openings.
ii. Physically and electrically separate atria from the ventricles, allowing atria to contract as a unit to push blood down into ventricles, and allow ventricles to contract as a unit to push blood upwards into the major blood vessels (aorta and pulmonary trunk/arteries).
- acts as an electrical insulator - blocking most transmission of electrical signals b/t the atria & the ventricles

Human Physiology 2 (37 decks)

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