Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards
Old Public Health
Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease
Policies and practices related to Old Public Health
- The establishment of government-funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation
- Improved working conditions
Biomedical approach to Health
It is a medical model practised by health professionals that focuses on diagnosing, treating and curing biological diseases.
Features of the Biomedical Approach
- Concerned with disease, illness and disability
- Relies on technology to diagnose, treat and cure
Advantages of the Biomedical approach
- Extends Life Expectancy
- Improvements in technology and research
Disadvantages of the Biomedical Approach
- Affordability
- Not every condition can be treated
Social Model of Health (‘New’ Public Health)
An approach to health that considers the ways in which physical, socio-cultural and political environments impact on health.
Principles of the Social Model of Health
- Empower individuals and communities
- interSectoral collaboration
Advantages of the Social Model of Health
- Promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases
- It focuses on vulnerable population groups
Disadvantages of the Social Model of Health
- It does not address the health and well-being concerns of individuals
- It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health through the social model of health, providing five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status.
5 Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter
- Develop Personal Skills
- Reorient Health Services
- Build Health Policy
- Strengthen Community Action
- Create Supportive Environments
Develop Personal Skills
Refers to gaining health-related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellbeing
Create Supportive Environments
This action area involves promoting a healthy physical and sociocultural environment, promoting Health and Wellbeing by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable.
Medicare
Medicare is a health insurance scheme that gives all Australians access to subsidised healthcare
What does Medicare Cover?
Medicare covers most out of out and in-hospital expenses.
What are some services Medicare covers?
- Doctor and specialist consultations
- 75% of the schedule fee for treatment in a private hospital.
Medicare Safety Net
Provides extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services.
Allied Health Services
- Physiotherapists
- Chiropractors
Schedule Fee
The amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments.
Patient Co-Payment
The payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government
Bulk-Billed
When the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.
Advantages of Medicare
- Available to all Australian Citizens
- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
Disadvantages of Medicare
- No Choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
How is Medicare Funded?
- Medicare Levy
- Medicare levy surcharge
- General Taxation
Medicare Levy
The Medicare levy is an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers.
Medicare Levy Surcharge
Medicare Levy Surcharge involves an extra tax on people without Private Health Insurance, acting as an incentive for those on high incomces to take out a PHI, consequently taking financial pressure off medicare.
General Taxation
Income collected through general taxation is also used to help fund the cost of Medicare.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
The PBS is a scheme where Australians can obtain subsidised essential medications
National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)
The NDIS (National Disability Insurance Scheme) is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
Private Health Insurance (PHI)
A type of insurance under which members pay a premium fee in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare
Incentives of PHI
- PHI Rebate
- Lifetime Health Cover
- Medicare Levy Surcharge
- Age-based discount
PHI Rebate
PHI Rebate involves polyholders receving a 30% rebate (refund) on their premiums for PHI.
Lifetime Health Cover in terms of PHI
People who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2 per cent on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30
Medicare levy surcharge in terms of PHI
Taking out a PHI allows individuals to avoid paying the Medicare Levy Surcharge.
Age Based Discount in terms of PHI
Insurers have the option of offering people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10% for hospital cover.
Advantages of PHI
- Incentives
- Choice of a doctor when in a public or private hospital
Disadvantages of PHI
- Costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid
- Policies can be complex and thus confusing
Funding (Medicare)
Medicare funds part or all of the fees associated with health services. Medicare is funded by the Levy, Levy Surcharge and General Taxation
Funding (PBS)
Funding is from general taxation
Funding (NDIS)
Provides funding for support facilities such as wheelchairs.
Funding (PHI)
Provides much of the funding for private hospitals
Sustainability (Medicare)
The Medicare levy is sustainable as it can increase as the population and the demands on the health care system increases
Sustainability (PBS)
Continuously renewing the medicines available through the PBS, meaning those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritised, which assists in keeping the scheme sustainable
Sustainability (NDIS)
Limiting the amount of people who are eligible through certain requirements needing to be met
Sustainability (PHI)
Incentives help convince people to take out a PHI, therefore keeping the funds for the health care system under control and allowing maximum funding for the private domain
Access (Medicare)
Medicare provides access to healthcare facilities for everyone
Access (PBS)
All Australian citizens and permanent residents are entitled to access subsidised medicine through the PBS
Access (NDIS)
NDIS can send caseworkers to participants. The case worker can help the person access health care services
Access (PHI)
Private health insurance can increase access to health services that may have otherwise been too expensive for patients to afford
Equity (Medicare)
Poorest and most vulnerable people are helped due to safety net
Equity (PBS)
The PBS safety net provides equity for those with low income
Equity (NDIS)
The individualised plan means that those with more significant needs receive more support from the NDIS
Equity (PHI)
The rebate helps people on lower incomes
Australian Dietary Guideline 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs
Australian Dietary Guideline 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water
Australian Dietary Guideline 3
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
Australian Dietary Guideline 4
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
Australian Dietary Guideline 5
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
2 Challenges in bringing about dietary change
Food Insecurity and Personal Preference
Things provided by Nutrition Australia
Publications of free of charge recipes and the Healthy Eating Pyramid
How does the NDIS help a patient?
- Access mainstream services and supports
- Access community services and supports
- Maintaining informal support arrangements
- Receive reasonable and necessary funding
What are some services Medicare does not cover?
- Most costs associated with private hospital care (other than 75% of the schedule fee)
- Ambulance services
Medicare Benefits Schedule
A document that lists the range of services that Medicare partially or fully covers the schedule fee for
Smoking and why it was targetted
- All tobacco-related diseases are preventable
- Reduces the burden on healthcare systems that require funding to treat and cure people with preventable diseases caused by smoking
Quitline
A telephone service that people can use to receive advice and behaviour change support to quit smoking. It is staffed by highly trained specialists
Aboriginal Quitline
Quitline where specialist Aboriginal advisors who know the culture and languages provide callers with specific plans
Limitations of the ADGs
- Migrant speakers may not be able to comprehend
- Those with low health literacy may not be able to comprehend
The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE)
A visual food selection tool incorporated into the Australian Dietary Guidelines which reflects the dietary advice detailed in ADG 2 and 3
Advantages of the AGHE
- Provides an indication of how much of each food group to consume
- There’s a section for foods to limit
Disadvantages of the AGHE
- Does not provide information on serving sizes
- Does not provide information on composite foods
Why were the ADGs developed?
Addresses the causes of an increase in diet-related diseases in Australia - eating too much energy-dense food and not enough fruits and vegetables
Similarities between the HEP and the AGHE
- Both advise items that should be consumed in small amounts
- Both advise to drink plenty of water
Differences between the HEP and the AGHE
- HEP tells you to get physically active but AGHE doesn’t
- AGHE = made by federal gov. HEP = made by nutrition australia (a non-gov organisation)
