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Microbiology Dukas > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Obligate intercellular parasite

A

(All viruses) require a living cell to multiply do this using cell machinery, replication uses causes cell death.

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2
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that protects viral nucleic acid all viruses have polyhedral or helical or complex

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3
Q

Envelope

A

Capsid surrounded by a membrane lipid bilayer with proteins. Usually has spike structure

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4
Q

Viral characteristics

A

Have nucleic acid organized into genes. Can have enzymes. No ribosomes. Usu. smaller 400 um.

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5
Q

Lyric life cycle

A

Attachment/ absorption-require specific bind between capsid protein and host cel. Penetration-inject DNA into cytoplasm capsid no enter. Replication- syn using host cell stuff usu host cell stops making own pros. Assembly-mature particles spontaneously assemble. Release- virus induced lysis of cell release virus.

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6
Q

Lysogenic virus

A

Once injected no replicate. Incorporated into host cell DNA to be activated at a later time. Inserted DNA = prophage. Activation often evmtal events. E.g. Radiation.

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7
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

Infection changes from non pathogenic to pathogenic. Can b expressed in novel proteins, changes in phenotype or produce new toxins/ enzymes.

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Bacterial DNA transfer btw cells via virus. If bacterial DNA accidentally incorporated into viral DNA.

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9
Q

Viral life cycle : animal

A

Attachment-specific membrane proteins determines specificity and host range. Penetration- direct, endocytosis-pseudopods surround and bring in via vesicles common 4 naked OR fusion envelope fuses w/ pm. Replication. Release- lysis: naked virus lyses cell, budding: exocytosis, doesn’t kill surrounded by piece of host cell pm which usually incl some spikes from inserted by viral replication.

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10
Q

Multiplication retrovirus

A

Release viral enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrate and protease. Reverse transcriptase copies viral rna into two strand DNA. New DNA moves to nucleus and integrated using integrase. If transcripted, new genome and rna for all parts of virus. Viral proteins processed by protease moved to membrane.

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11
Q

Cancer causing virus

A

Hepadnaviridae hepatitis B virus> liver cancer

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12
Q

DNA Viruses

A 
Poxviridae orthopoxvirus (UL) smallpox virus. 
Adenoviridae adenovirus (UL) upper respiratory infection. Herpesviridae human herpes virus 3 (Ul) varicella zoster virus- chicken pox/ shingles.
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13
Q

Rna Viruses

A 
Retroviridae lentivirus (UL) human immunodeficiency virus - HIV/AIDS 
Flaviviridae flavivirus ( UL) Zika virus
Filoviridae ebolavirus (UL) Zaire ebolavirus
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14
Q

Prion

A

A proteimacous infectious particle that causes degenerative neurological disease. E.g. Mad cow or chronic wasting disease

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15
Q

Normal microbiota

A

Microbes that are permanent resident on the body but don’t normally cause disease

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16
Q

Opportunistic microbiota

A

Will nit normally cause disease but do under certain circumstances.

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17
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

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18
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of body by pathogens

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19
Q

Disease

A

Abnormal state where body is not functioning normally

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20
Q

Etiology

A

Study of causes of disease

21
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease

22
Q

Virulence

A

The extent of pathogenicity/ intensity of disease caused by pathogen

23
Q

Koch s postulates

A

Are used to prove cause of disease links specific microbe with specific disease. Pathogen must B present in every case>isolated and grown in pure culture>cause same disease when pure cult used to inoculate healthy animal> paths isolated lab animal show same.

24
Q

Opportunistic patho=disease

A

Immunocompromised, non normal location, disturbances e.g. AntiBs

25
Q

Primary vs secondary infer

A

Acute infection cause initial illness( true pathogen). Opportunistic infection after primary predisposing.

26
Q

Acute chronic sub acute infection

A

Acute develops rapidly. Chronic vv

27
Q

True pathogen

A

Microbe capable of causing disease in healthy person

28
Q

Stages of infectious disease

A

In cubation- no signs or symptoms, prodronal- mild ss short. Period of illness. Period of decline- ss goes down can get secondary infection. Period of convalescence.

29
Q

Principal portals of entry and exit

A

Entry-mucous membrane, skin, paternal route. Exit-respiratory tract>cough/sneeze; Gi tract-feces/saliva, genitourinary-urine/vaginal secretions, skin, blood-biting Arthropods + needles.

30
Q

Reservoir of infection +carrier + examples

A

Where infectious agent normally lives, multiplies and serves as continual source of infection. Human-in apparent/latent e.g. AIDS. Animal-occurs primarily in vertebrates can be transferred to humans (zoonoses) e.g. Rabies. No living-soil/substances e.g. Tetanus. C-ppl who harbor patho can transmit w/out exhibiting SSS

31
Q

Methods disease transmission

A

Contact: direct-kissing, indirect-fomite/needle, droplet
Vehicle: water-feces, food borne-food prep, vector-arthropod

32
Q

Mechanical vs biological vector transmission

A

Mechanical houseful flies carries on its feet, biologica-parasite multiplies in vector.

33
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of disease and where it comes from

34
Q

Frequency of disease

A

Sporadic, endemic-always present. Epidemic-many ppl acquire

Short period of time. Pandemic-worldwide.

35
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Acquired as a result of time spent in healthcare. 5-15%

36
Q

Virulence factor ex

A

Physiological and structural characteristics that help microbes cause disease and infection. Mycolic acid (waxy lipid) resist intercellular digestion by neutrophils and macrophages. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (UL). Adhesions/ligands help bind to host e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes M Protein.

37
Q

Toxin

A

Poisonous substance produced by certain orgs.

38
Q

Endotoxins

A

Gram-, lipids>lipopolysaccharides>Lipid A, toxic only high doses, specific can do receptor binding more widespread effects than exo

39
Q

Exotoxins

A

Mostly gram +, proteins, very potent in smaller number, very specific.

40
Q

Septic shock

A

Shock (massive drop in Bp) caused by massive release of bacterial endotoxin.

41
Q

IgG

A

Most common, phagocytic, neutralize toxins and Viruses

42
Q

IgM

A

2nd most common, 1st to appear post antigen, agglutinate antiGs, indicates current new infection

43
Q

IgA

A

Mucus memb, body secretions, localized protection of mucousal surfaces no colonization.

44
Q

IgD

A

Receptor on B cells intimate immune response

45
Q

IgE

A

Small % allergic reactions, bind to mast cells, destroy parasitic worms.

46
Q

B cells

A

Antibody mediated immunity, used against antigens (toxins) and pathogenic organisms

47
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (TC)

A

T cells which destroy abnormal/pathogenic cells cell-mediated, can enter tissues

48
Q

T helper cells (TH)

A

Stimulate T and B cell response. Creates cytokines that promote B cell division and T cell maturation and division.

Microbiology Dukas (7 decks)

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