Immunology Quiz

Question 1

Neutrophils

Answer 1

Phagocytic attacks bacteria, inflammation 60-70% granulocyte.

Question 2

Lymphocyte

Answer 2

Attacks viral, types: natural killer. T and B cells. Cytolysis and apoptosis. 20-25%. Specific immunity and cell mediated immunity. Agranular.

Question 3

Monocyte

Answer 3

Largest. Increase with TB. Agranular. Phagocytosis when matured into macrophages. 3-8%.

Question 4

Eosinophils

Answer 4

With allergies increase in number. 2-4%. Produce toxins against parasitic infections ESP. Parasitic helminthes. Some phagocytes.

Question 5

Basophils

Answer 5

Allergies increase workload. Less than 1%. Granular. Produce histamine.

Question 6

Anti-phagocytic capsule

Answer 6

Capsule which makes it hard for phagocytes to grab and destroy microbe.

Question 7

Inflammation chemicals and role

Answer 7

Histamine and prostaglandins increase vasodilation and permeability of BVs. Dilation of BVs increases blood flow. Increased vessel permeability allows for build up of fluids and phagocytes and Chema in peripheral tissues. Phagocytes are mobilized and debris and invading microbes are removed.

Question 8

Interferon

Answer 8

Proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and virally infected cells to synthesized antiviral proteins.

Question 9

Cytokines

Answer 9

Small secreted proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory responses. E.g. Growth factors and interferons

Question 10

Natural killer cells

Answer 10

Lymphocytes that attack abnormal/cancer/virally infected cells with a non selective rapid response. E.g. Immunological surveillance.

Question 11

Complement protein + method and effect of activation

Answer 11

Collection of plasma proteins v effective destroy bacteria. Usually inactive but activation results in chain of events. Classical trigger.- antibody binds to antigen leads to destruction of cells by lysis. Complement pro recognizes anti gen and body compound series of reactions ending in lysis optimization and inflammation

Question 12

Fixed tissues macrophages.

Answer 12

Permanent in specific tissues/organ. Kupffer cells in liver.

Question 13

Inflammation steps

Answer 13

Chems released by damaged cells. Blood clot forms. Abscess forms. Vasodilation and increased permeability. Margination-phagocytes stick to endothelium. Diapdesis-squeeze through. Phagocytosis.

Question 14

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 14

Vessels transport lymph back to blood similar to BVs.

Question 15

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 15

Collect interstitial fluid made of single layer of endothelium very permeable in one direction enter in but no return.

Question 16

Thoracic duct

Answer 16

Left lymphatic left part of body above diaphragm and entire part of body below empties to L subclavian vein.

Question 17

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 17

Right side of body above diaphragm and empties R subclavian.

Question 18

Lymph nodes

Answer 18

Filters lymph before reaches venous system removes foreign debris also a site for lymphocyte proliferation. Small body covered with connective tissue.

Question 19

Spleen

Answer 19

Site for lymphocyte prolif if invasion by foreign orgs and remove defective RBCs, store blood platelets. Not vital.

Question 20

Thymus

Answer 20

Immature T cells mature here. Most active in childhood. Produce hormones that stimulate lymphocytes to become immuno competent.

Question 21

Tonsils

Answer 21

CT in pharynx dominated by lymphocytes. Trap and destroy pathogens entering through inhalation or food.