Unit 2

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of Chem reactions in org.

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

Uses en and Chem compounds and mcs 2 build large mcs

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Large mcs e broken down in2 small and en is released

Question 4

Oxidation

Answer 4

Removal electrons from atom produces en

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

Addition of electrons to atom

Question 6

Phosphorylation

Answer 6

Add of phosphate group 2 a mc usu increases mc en

Question 7

Catalyze

Answer 7

Increase rate of Chem reaction

Question 8

Substrate

Answer 8

The reactant in reaction enzyme is speeding up

Question 9

Product

Answer 9

Product of reaction enzyme is speeding up

Question 10

Cofactors

Answer 10

An non pro component in enzyme enzyme=pro so factor no equal pro

Question 11

Coenzyme

Answer 11

An organic cofactor. Enzy = organic

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produce ATP and NADH.

Question 13

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 13

An alt path to glycolysis that uses pentoses

Question 14

Enter-Doudoroff Pathway

Answer 14

An alt path to glycolysis uses by bacterial species Psuedomonas Aeruginosa

Question 15

Krebs Cycle

Answer 15

Oxidation of pyruvic acid produces the majority of NADH, all of FADH2, some ATP and some CO2.

Question 16

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 16

The metabolic Pathway where energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is converted to ATP, majority of ATP produced here.

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

Org mc broken down in absence of O simpler compounds.

Question 18

Metabolites

Answer 18

Chem building blocks used 4 syn of other Chem compounds

Question 19

Binary Fission

Answer 19

Most common type of cell division by bacteria asexual duplicate components and divide

Question 20

Generation time

Answer 20

Time it takes for cell population to double usu 1-3 hrs

Question 21

Obligate aerobe

Answer 21

Must have o2 have all enzy aerobic respiration

Question 22

Facultative Aerobe

Answer 22

Have enzymes but can also do fermentation

Question 23

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 23

No enzymes therefore no O and anaerobic respiration

Question 24

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 24

Has enzymes but only uses anaerobic respiration

Question 25

Microaerophile

Answer 25

Can handle low concentration of O but no enzymes rely on aerobic respiration

Question 26

Trace Elements

Answer 26

Small# of minerals required for cofactors for enzy function. E.g. Iron

Question 27

Vitamins

Answer 27

Essential organic compounds which org cannot synthesis but needs typically used as coenzyme e.g. Vitamin D

Question 28

DNA

Answer 28

Deoxyribose nucleic acid: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Question 29

RNA

Answer 29

Ribose nucleic acid: ribose sugar, nitrogenous base- adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

Question 30

Gene

Answer 30

Segment of DNA that is encoded a function product e.g. Pro

Question 31

Chromosome

Answer 31

Structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary info contains genes

Question 32

Transcription

Answer 32

DNA copied to make rna

Question 33

Rna polymerase

Answer 33

Synthesis mRNA from DNA

Question 34

DNA helicase or gyrase

Answer 34

Unwinds DNA G more common in prokaryotes

Question 35

DNA replication

Answer 35

Process by which cell genome is replicated

Question 36

DNA polymerase

Answer 36

Copies, proof reads and repairs DNA.

Question 37

Promoter sequence

Answer 37

start sequence of a gene where rna polymerase binds to to copy a gene

Question 38

Terminator sequence

Answer 38

Stop sequence of gene rna stops copying here

Question 39

Translation

Answer 39

Info in mRNA is converted into a sequence of proteins

Question 40

Ribosome

Answer 40

Site of pro synthesis 70s or 80s

Question 41

tRNA

Answer 41

Brings correct AA to Ribo in pro synthesis

Question 42

mRNA

Answer 42

Carries message for the synthesis of pros to ribo

Question 43

Codon

Answer 43

Represents AA, is 3 adj nucTs

Question 44

Genetic code

Answer 44

Set of rules which determines how nucTs sequences of mRNA r converted into AA sequence of proteins

Question 45

Mutation

Answer 45

Permanent change in base sequence of DNA

Question 46

Mutagen

Answer 46

Agent that causes mutations.

Question 47

Operon

Answer 47

In prokaryotes, genes involved in a similar biochemical process can be grouped together so they can all be turned off and on at same time

Question 48

Structural genes

Answer 48

Genes which code for a protein (1 of many in operon)

Question 49

Regulatory genes-promoter

Answer 49

DNA sequence close to structural genes where RNA polymerase binds and begins transcription

Question 50

Regulatory genes-operator

Answer 50

DNA sequence close to promoter where repressor protein can bind to prevent transcription

Question 51

Plasmid

Answer 51

Small circular extra chromosomal piece of DNA no survival or reproductive genes

Question 52

Conjugation

Answer 52

Transfer of DNA btw cells temporarily joined

Question 53

Transformation

Answer 53

Naked DNA from dead/loses bacteria is transferred to recipient cell in solution. Cells must be closely related and very difficult.

Question 54

R factor

Answer 54

Type of transferable plasmid with genes for sex polis, drug resistance and heavy metal resistance

Question 55

Transduction

Answer 55

Bacterial DNA transferred btw cells by virus.