Unit 1

Question 1

Glycocalyx

Answer 1

Polysaccharides secreted by the cell surround the cell and make it sticky. All prokaryotes have. Also, protective.

Question 2

Slime layer

Answer 2

Thin glycocalyx loosely attached to the cell wall and cannot be stained.

Question 3

Capsule

Answer 3

Organized glycocalyx thick and firmly attached to the cell. Can be stained.

Question 4

Flagella

Answer 4

Function-motility. Structure-prokaryotes made of flagellum, eukaryotes made of tubulin.

Question 5

Axial filament

Answer 5

Flagella wrapped around cell in spirochetes.

Question 6

Fimbrae

Answer 6

Function-attachment, create bio films, adhesion. Structure-short and numerous affect virulence factor.

Question 7

Pili

Answer 7

Function-adhesion between cells and DNA transfer called conjugation.
structure- 1/2 per cell, longer than fimbrae. GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY

Question 8

Inclusion

Answer 8

Function-store nutrients, buoy cell in H2O, Identification.

Structure-granules and deposits in prokaryotes cytoplasm.

Question 9

Endospore

Answer 9

Function-survival. Structure- GRAM POSITIVE ONLY, harsh conditions sporulate, spore in inert dormant condition, in favorable condition germinates. E.G. Clostridium, Bacillus h

Question 10

Gram Positive Cell Wall

Answer 10

Thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. PG linked by polypeptides. Has large gaps

Question 11

Gram negative cell wall

Answer 11

Thin layer PGs and phosolipid bolster create outer membrane. Which also includes, potions, lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). Not chemically stable, more selectively permeable, and has a periplasmic space with enzymes.

Question 12

Acid-fast cell wall

Answer 12

PG surrounded by a thick waxy layer (lipid mycolic acid)

Question 13

Archaea cell wall

Answer 13

No PG psuedomurein and some lack cell walls.

Question 14

Mycoplasma cell wall

Answer 14

No cell wall sterols in plasma membrane

Question 15

Hypotonic solution

Answer 15

Concentration of solutes in medium less than in cell. Water goes into cell common condition for bacterium.

Question 16

Hypertonic solution

Answer 16

Concentration of solutes is high outside the cell so water move out. Can lead to plasmolyze.

Question 17

Taxonomic groups

Answer 17

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 18

Gram positive Bacteria

Answer 18

Streptococcus pyrogens-strep throat, Staphylococcus aureus-impetigo, Clostridium tetani- tetanus

Question 19

Gram Negative Bacteria

Answer 19

Salmonella typhi-typhoid fever, Neisseria meningitidis-meningococcal meningitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-UTI

Question 20

Acid-Fast Bacteria

Answer 20

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-tuberculosis

Question 21

No cell wall Bacteria

Answer 21

Mycoplasma pneumoniae-pneumonia

Question 22

3 medically important phyla of fungi

Answer 22

Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

Question 23

Zycomycota

Answer 23

Rhizopus- mucormycosis

Question 24

Ascomycota

Answer 24

Trichophyton-athletes foot

Question 25

Basidiomycota

Answer 25

Cryptococcus neoformans-respiratory infection

Question 26

Four types of mycosis

Answer 26

Systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial

Question 27

Four types of Protozoa

Answer 27

Flagellates, cilliates, amoebiod, apicomplexan

Question 28

Flagellate

Answer 28

Giardia lamblia-diarrhea

Question 29

Cilliate

Answer 29

Balantidium coli-dysentery

Question 30

Amoeboid

Answer 30

Entamoeba histolytica-dysentery

Question 31

Apicomplexan

Answer 31

Plasmodium-malaria

Question 32

Parasite

Answer 32

Lives on/in an organism usually harms it

Question 33

Host

Answer 33

Organism infected with a parasite

Question 34

Vector

Answer 34

An arthropod that carries disease causing organism from one host to another. E.g. Mosquito

Question 35

Types of platyhemlithes

Answer 35

Platyhelminthes> trematodes + cestodes. Nematodes

Question 36

Trematodes

Answer 36

Schistosoma-schistosomiasis, Paragonimus-Lung fluke

Question 37

Cestodes

Answer 37

Taenia solium-neurocysticerosis, Taenia saginata-"

Question 38

Nematodes

Answer 38

Ascaris lumbricoides-ascariasis, Wuchereria bancrofti- elephantiasis

Question 39

Life cycle of fluke 10 steps

Answer 39

Eggs released in feces/urine. Eggs hatch in water. Penetrate snail tissue. After many generations produce cysts in snail tissue. Organism is released into water, free-swimming. Penetrates human skin. Lose tail. Circulate blood. Migrate into liver and mature into adults. Paired adult worms migrate into bowels/anus lay eggs.