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Microbiology Dukas > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use drugs to treat disease

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

Sub pro by microbe that in small # inhibits another microbe

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3
Q

Antimicrobial drug

A

Antibiotic used to treat infectious disease

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4
Q

Semisynthetic drug

A

Antibiotic that has been Chem altered in lab

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5
Q

Synthetic drug

A

Drug syn. In lab

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6
Q

Spectrum of activity

A

Range of microbes that drug is active against

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7
Q

Drug resistance

A

In microbe, tolerance of antibiotic which previously would have destroyed/inhibited growth

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8
Q

Bateriostatic

A

Prevent from growing

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9
Q

Inhibition of cell wall

A

PenicillinG

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10
Q

Inhibition of pro synthesis

A

Tetracycline

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11
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid

A

Ciproflaxcin

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12
Q

Disruption of PM

A

Polymyxin B

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13
Q

Antimetabolite

A

Sulfonamides

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14
Q

Why are G- more difficult to treat?

A

Worries about lysing>endotoxin. Difficult to get past PM

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15
Q

Sterols

A

Not in bacteria CW but in fungal e.g. Ergosterol

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16
Q

Viral antibiotics

A

Not living structures, no cell wall/memb, use cell machinery to make proteins. Drugs focus on block art, block entry, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release.

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17
Q

Why are Protozoa, helminthes hard to treat?

A

They are eukaryotes like humans

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18
Q

Protozoal drug and disease

A

Mefloquine > malaria

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19
Q

Fungal drug and disease

A

Echinocandins> yeast infection>cutaneous

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20
Q

Viral drugs and diseases

A

Zidovudine>AZT/HIV and zanamivir>influenza

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21
Q

Genetic events that are responsible for resistance

A

Billions of bacteria many mutations, drugs kill those except with resistance, these replicate. If the mutation is on a plasmid it can be conjugated via bridge btw cells or transduced by virus.

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22
Q

Why increased proliferation of drug-resistant microbial strains.

A

1 inappropriate use of drugs, 2 patient not following drug directions, 3 agricultural use, 4 hospital use by e.g. Not completing full dose means you have not thoroughly killed they microbes in your body selecting for resistant cells

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23
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant S. Aureus

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24
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin resistant Enterococci

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25
DNA polymerase
Copies, proof reads repairs DNA
26
Rna polymerase
Syn mRNA copy of DNA
27
DNA gyrase
Unwind DNA more common prokaryotes
28
Translation
Info in mRNA>proteins
29
Transcription
DNA>RNA
30
DNA replication
DNA copied for RNA/cell division
31
70s ribosomes
Site of pro syn in prokaryotes
32
Peptidoglycan
Main component of bacterial cell wall. Complex polysaccharides with sugars
33
Ergosterol
An important part of fungal cell wall lipid
34
Transduction
Bacterial DNA transferred btw cells by Viruses
35
Conjugation
Transfer of plasmid btw bacterial cells temp joined. Pilus forms bridge.
36
Antiserum
Blood derived from fluids containing antiBs. Serum from org exposed to antiG injected into patients (antiserum). Introduces antibodies directly rather than own body produces.
37
Active immunization
Involves administering the vaccine so the patient has a primary immune response
38
Passive immunization
Transferring preformed antibodies e.g. Antiserum
39
Attenuated vaccine
Live, weakened version of patho
40
Inactivated vaccine
Dead, inactivated version of patho
41
Toxoid vaccine
Bacterial toxins inactivated.
42
Hypersensitivity
Response to antigen leading to damage e.g. Anaphylactic, cytotoxic...
43
Hypersensitivity I
Abnormal B cell response. Excessive IgE production in response to antigen (allergen). Hay fever.
44
Hypersensitivity II
Cells destroyed by immune system. Antibodies bind to foreign cells and destroy them by activating the complement. B. Hemolytic disease of newborn. Mothers anti Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy newborn RBCs.
45
Hypersensitivity III
Profuse amount of soluble immune complexes deposit on organs>inflammation reaction>tissue damage. Deposit on tissue walls. Neutrophils cannot phagocytose. Release enzymes to destroy immune complex also damages tissue. Glomerulonephritis.
46
Hypersensitivity IV
T Cell second contact releases cytokines that are destructive to cell and surrounding tissue. Foreign compound binds to body's proteins activates Tc which attacks it bc it thinks it's a foreign compound. Poison ivy.
47
Systemic anaphylaxis
Overpowering systemic response to allergen. Big drop in BP. Growing edema. Bronchial muscle issues. If BP too low or unable to breathe>death
48
Blood types
Type A blood had A antigens/cell markers on cell exterior. If type A blood is given to a type B person then the type B person recognizes the type A blood is foreign because f it's cell markers and creates anti A RBCs antiBs. Activate complement, cell lysis, phagocytosis.
49
Why don't you treat contact dermatitis with antihistamine?
In contact dermatitis, you Tc are attack your infected proteins. Histamine is not directly involved corticoids are the preferred method of treatment.
50
Autoimmune disorders
Immune system produces Tc and antiBs against own tissue.
51
Immunodeficiency diseases
Defective immune mechanism
52
Major histocompatibility complex and human leukocyte antiGs
MHC-proteins on the surface of most cells that distinguish self from non self. Genes encoding histocompatibility antigens are HLAs, (MHC genes in humans).
53
Aseptic
Free from contamination by pathogens.
54
Sterilize
Removing all microbial life
55
Disinfect
Removing pathogens
56
Antiseptic
A chemical that can be safely used externally on living tissue to destroy microbes/inhibit growth
57
Phenolics
Derivatives e.g. Triclosan, disrupt plasma membrane. Gram+. Staphylococci. DISINFECT
58
Cationic detergent
(Quats). Most effective detergent, skin antiseptic, disrupt plasma membrane, DISINFECT
59
Aldehyde
(Form-, gluter-) inactivate proteins used on medical equipment. Preserve animal tissue. DISINFECT
60
Halogens
Tinctures in alcohol or h2o. Disrupt plasma membrane and proteins. Hurt living tissue. Large scale cleaning. DISINFECT AND ANTISEPTIC.
61
Gaseous sterilants
(Ethylene oxide) short lived and carcinogenic STERILIZE
62
Heavy metal
Very toxic, resistance, bacteriostatic, DISINFECT
63
Alcohols
Denature proteins, dissolve lipids, gram- and lipids, toxic (DISINFECT AND ANTISEPTIC)
64
Peroxides
Diluted used on contaminated surfaces. ANTISEPTIC DISINFECT
65
Boiling
DISINFECT most killed in 10, NOT endospores
66
Autoclave
H2o heated under pressure > steam @ temp higher than boiling. 121'C. STERILIZE. No damage heat/moisture.
67
Pasteurization
DISINFECT. High temp short time, close to sterilize. No change taste and consistency.
68
Dry heat
2hrs 170'C same as autoclave. Not as penetrative. (Flame/oven).
69
Filtration
Filter 0.3 um out NOT prions. Used w/ heat sensitive.
70
Freezing
Inhibits growth
71
UV
DISINFECT, bad penetration damage proteins and DNA
72
Gamma radiation
More en, sterilize medical equipment, used on milk, high penetration, damage DNA
73
Sterilize methods
Autoclave, ethylene oxide
74
Antiseptic
Alcohols (ethanol/whiskey), peroxises
75
Strong disinfectants
Boiling and Quats (cationic detergent)
76
Decontaminating hospital
Mattress-ethylene oxide Glucose-saline solution: filtrate Used syringes: autoclave.
77
Resistance
Prions> endospores bacteria mycobacterium cysts of Protozoa vegetive Protozoa gram - fungi incl. fungal spores Viruses no envelope Gram + Virus lipid envelope.
78
Anaphylactic vs septic
Huge release of toxin in septic activates complement cytokines inflammation. Similar with allergen big allergic response also low BP focus on IgE and mast cells.
79
Biofilm
Community of microbes in matrix of polyS
80
Glycocalyx
Slime unorganized, capsule organized.
81
Fimbrae
Att and form biofilm, adhesion to surface, short and numerous (virulence F).
82
Pili
Adhesion btw cells gram - conjugation, 1/2 per cell
83
Archaea
Type of bacteria, some no cell wall, no pG psuedomuerin
84
Cell wall
PeptidG glycan strands cross linked by peptide. - phosolipid bilayer LPS in outer membrane m. + teichoic acid large gaps linked by polyPs.
85
Heterotrophs
Req organic nutrient source e.g. Other orgs bodies.
86
Fungi phyla
Ascomycota, zygomycota, basidiomycota.
87
Protoza
Flagellates, cilliates, amoeboid, apicomplexan
88
Helminthes
Platyhelminths, nematodes

Microbiology Dukas (7 decks)

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