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Microbiology Dukas > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use drugs to treat disease

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

Sub pro by microbe that in small # inhibits another microbe

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3
Q

Antimicrobial drug

A

Antibiotic used to treat infectious disease

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4
Q

Semisynthetic drug

A

Antibiotic that has been Chem altered in lab

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5
Q

Synthetic drug

A

Drug syn. In lab

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6
Q

Spectrum of activity

A

Range of microbes that drug is active against

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7
Q

Drug resistance

A

In microbe, tolerance of antibiotic which previously would have destroyed/inhibited growth

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8
Q

Bateriostatic

A

Prevent from growing

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9
Q

Inhibition of cell wall

A

PenicillinG

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10
Q

Inhibition of pro synthesis

A

Tetracycline

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11
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid

A

Ciproflaxcin

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12
Q

Disruption of PM

A

Polymyxin B

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13
Q

Antimetabolite

A

Sulfonamides

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14
Q

Why are G- more difficult to treat?

A

Worries about lysing>endotoxin. Difficult to get past PM

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15
Q

Sterols

A

Not in bacteria CW but in fungal e.g. Ergosterol

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16
Q

Viral antibiotics

A

Not living structures, no cell wall/memb, use cell machinery to make proteins. Drugs focus on block art, block entry, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release.

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17
Q

Why are Protozoa, helminthes hard to treat?

A

They are eukaryotes like humans

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18
Q

Protozoal drug and disease

A

Mefloquine > malaria

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19
Q

Fungal drug and disease

A

Echinocandins> yeast infection>cutaneous

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20
Q

Viral drugs and diseases

A

Zidovudine>AZT/HIV and zanamivir>influenza

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21
Q

Genetic events that are responsible for resistance

A

Billions of bacteria many mutations, drugs kill those except with resistance, these replicate. If the mutation is on a plasmid it can be conjugated via bridge btw cells or transduced by virus.

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22
Q

Why increased proliferation of drug-resistant microbial strains.

A

1 inappropriate use of drugs, 2 patient not following drug directions, 3 agricultural use, 4 hospital use by e.g. Not completing full dose means you have not thoroughly killed they microbes in your body selecting for resistant cells

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23
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant S. Aureus

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24
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin resistant Enterococci

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25
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Copies, proof reads repairs DNA

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26
Q

Rna polymerase

A

Syn mRNA copy of DNA

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27
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Unwind DNA more common prokaryotes

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28
Q

Translation

A

Info in mRNA>proteins

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29
Q

Transcription

A

DNA>RNA

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30
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA copied for RNA/cell division

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31
Q

70s ribosomes

A

Site of pro syn in prokaryotes

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32
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Main component of bacterial cell wall. Complex polysaccharides with sugars

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33
Q

Ergosterol

A

An important part of fungal cell wall lipid

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34
Q

Transduction

A

Bacterial DNA transferred btw cells by Viruses

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35
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of plasmid btw bacterial cells temp joined. Pilus forms bridge.

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36
Q

Antiserum

A

Blood derived from fluids containing antiBs. Serum from org exposed to antiG injected into patients (antiserum). Introduces antibodies directly rather than own body produces.

37
Q

Active immunization

A

Involves administering the vaccine so the patient has a primary immune response

38
Q

Passive immunization

A

Transferring preformed antibodies e.g. Antiserum

39
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

Live, weakened version of patho

40
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Dead, inactivated version of patho

41
Q

Toxoid vaccine

A

Bacterial toxins inactivated.

42
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Response to antigen leading to damage e.g. Anaphylactic, cytotoxic…

43
Q

Hypersensitivity I

A

Abnormal B cell response. Excessive IgE production in response to antigen (allergen). Hay fever.

44
Q

Hypersensitivity II

A

Cells destroyed by immune system. Antibodies bind to foreign cells and destroy them by activating the complement. B. Hemolytic disease of newborn. Mothers anti Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy newborn RBCs.

45
Q

Hypersensitivity III

A

Profuse amount of soluble immune complexes deposit on organs>inflammation reaction>tissue damage. Deposit on tissue walls. Neutrophils cannot phagocytose. Release enzymes to destroy immune complex also damages tissue. Glomerulonephritis.

46
Q

Hypersensitivity IV

A

T Cell second contact releases cytokines that are destructive to cell and surrounding tissue. Foreign compound binds to body’s proteins activates Tc which attacks it bc it thinks it’s a foreign compound. Poison ivy.

47
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis

A

Overpowering systemic response to allergen. Big drop in BP. Growing edema. Bronchial muscle issues. If BP too low or unable to breathe>death

48
Q

Blood types

A

Type A blood had A antigens/cell markers on cell exterior. If type A blood is given to a type B person then the type B person recognizes the type A blood is foreign because f it’s cell markers and creates anti A RBCs antiBs. Activate complement, cell lysis, phagocytosis.

49
Q

Why don’t you treat contact dermatitis with antihistamine?

A

In contact dermatitis, you Tc are attack your infected proteins. Histamine is not directly involved corticoids are the preferred method of treatment.

50
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

Immune system produces Tc and antiBs against own tissue.

51
Q

Immunodeficiency diseases

A

Defective immune mechanism

52
Q

Major histocompatibility complex and human leukocyte antiGs

A

MHC-proteins on the surface of most cells that distinguish self from non self. Genes encoding histocompatibility antigens are HLAs, (MHC genes in humans).

53
Q

Aseptic

A

Free from contamination by pathogens.

54
Q

Sterilize

A

Removing all microbial life

55
Q

Disinfect

A

Removing pathogens

56
Q

Antiseptic

A

A chemical that can be safely used externally on living tissue to destroy microbes/inhibit growth

57
Q

Phenolics

A

Derivatives e.g. Triclosan, disrupt plasma membrane. Gram+. Staphylococci. DISINFECT

58
Q

Cationic detergent

A

(Quats). Most effective detergent, skin antiseptic, disrupt plasma membrane, DISINFECT

59
Q

Aldehyde

A

(Form-, gluter-) inactivate proteins used on medical equipment. Preserve animal tissue. DISINFECT

60
Q

Halogens

A

Tinctures in alcohol or h2o. Disrupt plasma membrane and proteins. Hurt living tissue. Large scale cleaning. DISINFECT AND ANTISEPTIC.

61
Q

Gaseous sterilants

A

(Ethylene oxide) short lived and carcinogenic STERILIZE

62
Q

Heavy metal

A

Very toxic, resistance, bacteriostatic, DISINFECT

63
Q

Alcohols

A

Denature proteins, dissolve lipids, gram- and lipids, toxic (DISINFECT AND ANTISEPTIC)

64
Q

Peroxides

A

Diluted used on contaminated surfaces. ANTISEPTIC DISINFECT

65
Q

Boiling

A

DISINFECT most killed in 10, NOT endospores

66
Q

Autoclave

A

H2o heated under pressure > steam @ temp higher than boiling. 121’C. STERILIZE. No damage heat/moisture.

67
Q

Pasteurization

A

DISINFECT. High temp short time, close to sterilize. No change taste and consistency.

68
Q

Dry heat

A

2hrs 170’C same as autoclave. Not as penetrative. (Flame/oven).

69
Q

Filtration

A

Filter 0.3 um out NOT prions. Used w/ heat sensitive.

70
Q

Freezing

A

Inhibits growth

71
Q

UV

A

DISINFECT, bad penetration damage proteins and DNA

72
Q

Gamma radiation

A

More en, sterilize medical equipment, used on milk, high penetration, damage DNA

73
Q

Sterilize methods

A

Autoclave, ethylene oxide

74
Q

Antiseptic

A

Alcohols (ethanol/whiskey), peroxises

75
Q

Strong disinfectants

A

Boiling and Quats (cationic detergent)

76
Q

Decontaminating hospital

A

Mattress-ethylene oxide
Glucose-saline solution: filtrate
Used syringes: autoclave.

77
Q

Resistance

A

Prions> endospores bacteria mycobacterium cysts of Protozoa vegetive Protozoa gram - fungi incl. fungal spores Viruses no envelope Gram + Virus lipid envelope.

78
Q

Anaphylactic vs septic

A

Huge release of toxin in septic activates complement cytokines inflammation. Similar with allergen big allergic response also low BP focus on IgE and mast cells.

79
Q

Biofilm

A

Community of microbes in matrix of polyS

80
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Slime unorganized, capsule organized.

81
Q

Fimbrae

A

Att and form biofilm, adhesion to surface, short and numerous (virulence F).

82
Q

Pili

A

Adhesion btw cells gram - conjugation, 1/2 per cell

83
Q

Archaea

A

Type of bacteria, some no cell wall, no pG psuedomuerin

84
Q

Cell wall

A

PeptidG glycan strands cross linked by peptide. - phosolipid bilayer LPS in outer membrane m. + teichoic acid large gaps linked by polyPs.

85
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Req organic nutrient source e.g. Other orgs bodies.

86
Q

Fungi phyla

A

Ascomycota, zygomycota, basidiomycota.

87
Q

Protoza

A

Flagellates, cilliates, amoeboid, apicomplexan

88
Q

Helminthes

A

Platyhelminths, nematodes

Microbiology Dukas (7 decks)

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