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Geo 12 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical weathering (4 types)

A

1) frost wedging -water expands when freezes
2) salt wedging- salt crystals expand
3) thermal ex and contraction-heats ex cools contracts
4) pressure release-pluton, erosion, exfoliation

AIDS chemical by increasing surface area

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2
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks and minerals collide in a moving current

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3
Q

Biological weathering

A
  • Root growth

- Moss releases chemicals which break down rock

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4
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Chemical reactions change

Important agent is water

Water dissolves and transports ions and molecules

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Silicate minerals with water to form clay

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6
Q

Dissolution

A

Soluble compounds dissolved

Produces caves

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

Combine with oxygen to form an oxide

-forms rust

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8
Q

Spheroidal weathering

A

Angular boulders

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9
Q

Stability at surface

A

First crystals to form are easier to break

Olivine easiest to weather, silicate structure simplest

Quarts hardest, crystallized closer to surface conditions

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10
Q

Erosion

A

The physical removal of material by mobile agents like water, wind, ice or gravity

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11
Q

Weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks to form sediments

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12
Q

Mass wasting

A

Material moves down slop because of gravity

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13
Q

Factors that influence mass wasting:

A

Nature
Steepness
Water

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14
Q

Angle of response

A

Max angle where u consolidated particles can rest

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15
Q

How does the angle of repose increase

A

With grain size

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16
Q

What increases Susceptibility to mass movement

A

Loss of vegetation

Root systems

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17
Q

Classification of mass movement

A

Dominate material, fluid content and velocity of movement

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18
Q

Why does mass movement happen

A

More force moving down

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19
Q

Types of rock mass movement

A

Rock fall, slide and Avalanche

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20
Q

Mass movement is based on

A

Nature of movement and material, velocity

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21
Q

Rockfall

A

Rock suddenly fall from steep slope

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22
Q

Rockslide

A

Rock sliding as a unit

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23
Q

Rock Avalanche

A

Riding on air, biggest, caused by earthquake

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24
Q

Types of unconsolidated

A

Creep, earth flow, debris flow

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25
Q

Creep

A

Soil moves downward at 1 to 10 mm a year

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26
Q

Evidence of creep

A

Curved tree trunks
Building foundations shear and crack
Power poles lean

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27
Q

Solifluction

A

Soil becomes saturated above impermeable below

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28
Q

Earth flow

A

Movement of fine grained material

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29
Q

Debris flow

A

Muddy flow of rocks

100km hour

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30
Q

Slump

A

Slow slide of unconsolidated material

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31
Q

Debris slide

A

Rock and mud move as one in planes of weakness

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32
Q

Effects on stability

A

Slope - over steepened by erosion

      - forces raise land 
        - dip of joint planes
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33
Q

Water

A

Means more instability
Reduce friction
Adds to the weight

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34
Q

Vegetation

A

Will increase stabity

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35
Q

Earthquakes

A

Reduce friction

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36
Q

Ways to reduce losses due to landslides

A

Avoid construction in areas

Build in a way that doesn’t make a slope unstable

Water drainage

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37
Q

Laminar flow

A

Streamlines flow parallel without turbulent mixing

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38
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Streamlines cross causing turbulent mixing

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39
Q

Feather flow depends on

A

Flow velocity

Geometry (depth)

Viscosity

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40
Q

Where does laminar flow never exist

A

Surface water flows

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41
Q

River systems

A

Main factor in erosion of continents

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42
Q

Methods of erosion

A

Hydraulic action

Abrasion

Dissolution

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43
Q

Types of sediment transport

A

Suspended load - fine grained transported from turbulence

Bed (traction) load - coarse grained transported on bottom of stream by rolling and sliding

Saltation - intermittent jumps

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44
Q

Discharge

A

Width x depth x velocity

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45
Q

Measures of streams ability

A

Competence : measure of max size particle a stream can move

Capacity: total volume a stream can move

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46
Q

Young rivers

A

Rapids
Waterfalls
Vertical erosion
No flood plain

Typical v shaped valley

47
Q

Vertical erosion

A

River cuts through bedrock

48
Q

Two main types of channel patterns

A

Meandering streams - single channel with sinuous pattern
- most common pattern on flood plains

Braided streams - interlacing channels
- uncommon

49
Q

Older rivers tend to erode

A

Horizontally

50
Q

Variables that encourage braiding

A

Water discharge

Large sediment load

Often associated with rivers from glacial meltwater

51
Q

Alluvial fans

A

Water erodes soil

Streams widen and slow down suddenly at base of a mountain

52
Q

Base level

A

Elevation at which a stream ends by entering a large lake

53
Q

Incised meanders

A

Uplift resulting in entrenchment

54
Q

Drainage basin

A

Area of land that funnels all water that go into streams

55
Q

Boundaries of drainage area :

A

Divides

56
Q

Drainage divide

A

Marks the edge of two adjacent drainage basins

57
Q

Formation of sedimentary rock

A 
Weathering 
Erosion
Transport 
Deposition 
Lithification
58
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from peices of other Rock

Ex conglomerate
Breccia
Tillite

59
Q

Siltstone

A

Gritty

Greater tendency to split

60
Q

Claystone

A

Smooth

61
Q

Shale

A

A siltstone that is fissile and easily breaks

62
Q

Chemical sedimentary rock

A

Formed from a precipitate

63
Q

Dolomite

A

Make up of calcium magnesium carbonate

64
Q

Chert

A

Chemical precipitate of silica

65
Q

Evaporites

A

Solution evaporates and leaves behind crystals

66
Q

Coal

A

Formed from remains of land plants

67
Q

Gypsum

A

Desert rose

68
Q

Collection of prodded to form sedimentary

A

Diagenesis

69
Q

Diagnosis

A

Sediment derived from weather (both Chem and a physical)

Erosion, transport, deposition, burial

Low temperature

Low pressure

70
Q

2 requirements for lithifaction

A

Compaction

Cementation

71
Q

Layers less than 1cm

A

Laminations

72
Q

Varves

A

Light in summer

Dark in winter

73
Q

Flute casts

A

Flutes are the scooped out section and the cast is formed when it fills with sediment

74
Q

Trace fossils

A

Footprints

75
Q

Paleoenviroments

A 
Deposition 
Direction of wind 
Strength or enters of sedimentary bed
The upside of sedimentary bed
Life that existed and environment they lived in 
Climate conditions
76
Q

Facies

A

Conditions that lead to a particular Rock type

77
Q

Chemical sedimentary environments

A

Limestone, halite, gypsum form in salt water areas

78
Q

Marine

A

Beaches, tidal flats, deltas, deep seas, lagoons

79
Q

Continental

A

Rivers, deserts, alluvial fans, playa lakes, glacial areas

80
Q

Transgression

A

Ocean advancing over areas that were once dry land

81
Q

Regression

A

Opposite, land migrates further out in ocean

82
Q

Transgression sequence

A

Carbonate
Mud
Sand

83
Q

Growth of glacier

A

1.5 mya snow on mountains
Recrystalize into firn
Climate cools and there is a net increase in accumulation

84
Q

Glacial advance and retreat

A

Snowfall adds to the glacier in the zone of accumulation

85
Q

Ice sheet

A

Continental glacier

86
Q

Col

A

A saddle formed by headward erosion of cirque

87
Q

Pyramidal peaks

A

Eroding from at least 3 sides

88
Q

Kettle lakes

A

Large blocks of ice isolated during recession

Our wash material and till builds up around them

The ice melts and fills the depression

89
Q

Erosional process

A

Plucking

90
Q

Glacial moraine

A

Not well sorted

Not layered

Not rounded

91
Q

Ground moraine

A

Deposited over valley floor

Ice meets the Rock underneath the glacier

92
Q

Terminal moraine

A

Marks the furthest extent of the ice and forms across the valley floor

93
Q

Eskers

A

Meltwater streams flow under glacier in tunnels

After glacier melts a snake like deposit left to

94
Q

Drumlins

A

Continental glaciers sometimes leave behind tear drop shaped formations

95
Q

Fresh water

A

Less than 3 percent

96
Q

Glaciers

A

3%

97
Q

Underground water

A

1 percent

98
Q

Lakes and rivers

A

0.0009 percent

99
Q

Salt water

A

95%

100
Q

Atmosphere

A

0.001

101
Q

Biosphere

A

0.0001

102
Q

Porosity

A

Percent void space in a rock or sediment

Measure of potential columns of water that can be stored in a rock

103
Q

Porosity various with

A

Cement and sorting, fracturing

104
Q

Permeability

A

Ability of a material to transmit a fluid

105
Q

Aquifers

A

Rock that holds and transmits enough water to be used as a source

106
Q

Aquitard

A

Low permeability not useful

107
Q

Aquiclude

A

Zero permeability

108
Q

Types of aquifers (unconfined)

A

Unsaturated zone seprated from the saturated zone by ground water table

109
Q

Water table

A

Top of saturated zone of ground water

Level to which water will rise in a hole

Level to which water will rise in an unconfined aquifer

110
Q

Types of aquifers (confined)

A

Permeable is overlain and underlaid by a less permeable layer

111
Q

Recharge area

A

Confined aquifer is recharged by infiltration

112
Q

Pressure surface

A

Height to which water will rise in the confined aquifer

113
Q

Septic tank

A

Holds solid waste and allows liquid waste to escape

Geo 12 (6 decks)

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