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Geo 12 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Physics

A

Helps understand rock structures and formations

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1
Q

Biology

A

Helps study and understand ancient biological organisms

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

Provides clues to geological material origins

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3
Q

Mathematics

A

Defines geologic processors quantitatively

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4
Q

Geology

A

Examine materials composing earth to help understand process that operate underneath us

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5
Q

What aspects of geology affect people (natural hazards)

A

Floods
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides

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6
Q

Natural resources …

A 
Oil and gas
Metals 
Coal, uranium 
Gravel , sand 
Water
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7
Q

What aspects of geology affect us in bc

A 
Oil production -northeast bc/ off shre
Water use- water quality, agricultural use
Debris flows- Squamish highway 
Big earthquakes- vancouver
Rock quarries- Sumas mtn 
Floods- Fraser river 
Metals and pollution-Britannia mine
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8
Q

3 reasons y earth is hard to study

A

Processes occur slowly

2) earth is large
3) not predictable on local scale and human time

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9
Q

Catastrophism

A

Rock layers fossils granite etc. we’re produced during catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions

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10
Q

Static

A

Earth is quiet

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11
Q

The forefather to understanding modern geologic ideas was sir…

A

James Hutton

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12
Q

What theory did James Hutton develop

A

Principle of uniformitarianism

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13
Q

Principle of uniformitarianism

A

“The present is the key to the past” - geo processes we see today have operated thru time

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14
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

As internal forces push up, gravity and erosion are tearing down

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15
Q

How olds is the earth

A

4.5 bya

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16
Q

How does the earths age compare to the sun

A

Little younger

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17
Q

What does the Big Bang refer to

A

Start of the universe 14.5 bya

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18
Q

Where does the earths moon come from

A

Collisions spun off material = moon

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19
Q

What would early earth look like

A

Ball of rock

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20
Q

Solar nebula theory

A

Gas clouds condense into Sun and left over planets

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21
Q

What has spritzer been able to show us

A

Looks thru the dust and sees in infrared

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22
Q

When did out solar system begin forming

A

4.5 bya

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23
Q

Protostar

A

Dust and gas collapse in in itself and rotation increases, the centre of mass heats up due to friction

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24
Q

What has to occur for an star to be born

A

Fusion

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25
Q

What elements are involved in making of a star

A

H+ + H+ —> He2+

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26
Q

The Big Bang is begging of what

A

The solar system universe

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27
Q

How do heavier elements get created

A

Fusion

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28
Q

When a star blows up it is called….

A

Super nova

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29
Q

What date to all meteorites date back to

A

4.5 bya

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30
Q

How do planets form in the remaining disc of dust and gas rotating around the sun

A

Charged particles attract in zero gravity

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31
Q

When materials begun to collide together it is called

A

Acreation

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32
Q

What brings most material together

A

Gravity

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33
Q

What would happen to gasses and ice at inner planet range

A

Evaporate

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34
Q

What type of material condenses at high temperatures

A

Metallic Mercury

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35
Q

What is earths nickname

A

Godly lox planet

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36
Q

How was early solar system different from today

A

20 planets rambling chaotically

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37
Q

What is the theory of moons origin

A

Massive collision + reformation

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38
Q

2 differences in how igneous and sedimentary rocks form..

A

1) igneous from melt, sedimentary from solid

2) igneous forms from melting of lava, sedimentary forms by lithification, weathering, transportation and deposition

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39
Q

2 differences in how meta and igneous form

A

Metaphoric rocks are sedimentary rock morphed, igneous is from lava melt
2)igneous forms from cooling, meta from heat

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40
Q

Igneous —> sediment

A

Uplift–> weathering—>erosion—>sediment

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41
Q

Metamorphic—> igneous

A

Melt—> magma–> Cooling—>crystallization

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42
Q

Sediment –> meta

A

Transport –>burial–>lithification –> sed–>heat/pressure–> recrystallize–> meta

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43
Q

Magma to sediment via intrusive igneous

A

Cooling–>crystallization–>igneous–> uplift–> weathering –>sediment

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44
Q

2 differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous

A

Intrusive is underground, extrusive above ground

2) intrusive is slow, extrusive is fast

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45
Q

Isolated pool of seawater leaves a salt deposit when it evaporates

A

Sed

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46
Q

Lava erupts and solidifies under the ocean

A

Igneous

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47
Q

A limestone is heated and recrytallizes into marble

A

Morohic

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48
Q

Magma underground cools and forms granite

A

Igneous

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49
Q

Calcium carbonate forms stalactites in a cave

A

Sed

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50
Q

Sandstone under a lava flow has recrystallized into quartzite

A

Morphic

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51
Q

What is the difference between a rock and mineral

A

Rocks contain minerals , minerals can not contain rocks

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52
Q

Y do minerals have regular crystal form

A

External expression of internal arrangement

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53
Q

Why is color unreliable

A

Inside may b different

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54
Q

What is streak

A

Minerals powdered form

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55
Q

What is luster

A

Appearance of mineral

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56
Q

What is difference between cleavage and fracture

A

Cleavage is clean cut

Fracture is messy break

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57
Q

Why does particular mineral cleave rather than break

A

Breaks along the weak points

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58
Q

What shape fragment is produced when mineral has perfect cleavage

A

Cube

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59
Q

What is come out conchodial fracture

A

Messy break ex. Bone breaking

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60
Q

What is hardness of a mineral

A

Resistance of mineral to scratching

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61
Q

Earths internal energy comes from 3 sources

A

Impact energy
Gravitation energy
Radio actually be decay

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62
Q

Density of earth

A

Greater density toward the centre and less dense toward the surface

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63
Q

Molten material is called

A

Magma

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64
Q

Magma originates depths of

A

50-250 km

65
Q

When magma is released

A

Trapped gasses also release and is now termed lava

66
Q

Formed from lava at the surface are classified as

A

Volcanic rock

67
Q

Formed from magma at depth are termed

A

Plutonic rocks

68
Q

Volcanic rocks

A

Extrusive

69
Q

Plutonic rocks

A

Intrusive

70
Q

Magma consist of 3 components

A

Liquid portion called melt that is composed of mobile ions

2) solids are silicate minerals that have crystallized
3) volatiles which are gasses dissolved in melt (co2)

71
Q

Magma is not everywhere under the earth

A

It is produced from partial melting of rocks in crust and upper mantle

72
Q

Heat comes from

A

Friction

2) concentrated radio the be decay

73
Q

Geothermal gradient is

A

Increase of temp

74
Q

Role of pressure

A

Reducing pressure can cause melting

75
Q

Pressure reducing commonly occurs at

A

Divergent plate boundaries

76
Q

Role of volatiles where most common?

A

Subduction zones where ocean soaked crust is brought down into the mantle

77
Q

Addition of gases

A

Usually water that cause rocks to melt

78
Q

Bowens reaction series

A

Minerals crystallize in a systematic fashion

2) during crystallization the composition of the liquid portion of the magma changes

79
Q

If a melt is low in silica and High in fe-mg

A

Mafic

80
Q

Silica rich and low in fe-mg

A

Felsic

81
Q

Felsic

A

Silica rich
Light
Lower gravity

82
Q

Mafic

A

Silica poor
Dark
High gravity
Ex. Olivine

83
Q

Coarse grained

A

Intrusive, big crystals, slow

84
Q

Fine grained

A

Extrusive, small crystals, fast cooling

85
Q

What is a mineral

A

Naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, chemical make up of crystal structure

86
Q

What is a rock

A

Solid aggregate or mass of minerals

87
Q

Crystal form

A

External expression of the orderly internal arrangement

Ex. Halite

88
Q

Polymorph

A

Two or more minerals with the same chemistry but different crystal structure
Ex. Diamond and graphite

89
Q

Specific gravity

A

Does is feel heavier than average

90
Q

Other special properties

A

Magnetism, reaction to acid, malleable, double refraction, taste, smell

91
Q

Rock forming minerals are

A

Common minerals that make up most of earths crust

92
Q

How many minerals have been identified on earth

A

4000

93
Q

What are minerals grouped on

A

Chemistry

94
Q

What is the most important and common minerals

A

Silicates (SiO)

95
Q

Silicates

A

Compose of rock forming minerals

2) very abundant due to large amounts of silicon and oxygen in crust

96
Q

The building block of all silicates

A

Silica tetrahedron

97
Q

Silica tetrahedron

A

4 oxygen atoms surrounding a smaller silicon ion

98
Q

Different structures that are created are

A

Single
Chain
Sheet
Frame

99
Q

Common silicate minerals

A 
Olivine 
Pyroxene 
Amphibole
Mica
Feldspar
Quartz
100
Q

Clay

A

Result of weathering

101
Q

Olivine

A

High temp & fe-mg , green , dark

102
Q

Pyroxene

A

Single chain structure , 2 cleavages at 90

103
Q

What is amphibole also known as

A

Hornblende - double chain structure

104
Q

Mica

A

Sheets - one direction if cleavage - 2 types

105
Q

Feldspar

A

2 directions of perfect cleavage

106
Q

Quartz

A

Only silicate that is si & o - no cleavage

107
Q

What are the most common minerals you will find in typical crustal rocks

A

Feldspar 51% Quartz 12% pyroxene 11%

108
Q

How much percent of earth is silicate

A

8%

109
Q

Contain co3
React with acid
Ex. Calcite

A

Carbonates

110
Q

End in O

Ex. Hematite

A

Oxides

111
Q

End in S

Ex. Galena

A

Sulfides

112
Q

End in so4

Ex. Gypsum

A

Sulfates

113
Q

End in halogens
F,cl ,br,I
Ex. Halite

A

Halides

114
Q

End in po3

Ex apatite

A

Phosphates

115
Q

Pure state minerals

Ex. Copper, diamonds

A

Native minerals

116
Q

Fractional crystallization

A

Early formed crystals settle out of melt and are isolated from melt by crystals settling on top
2) mafic rocks form in bottom

117
Q

Assimilation

A

Meg a melts the surrounding country rock as pieces fall off and join the melt

118
Q

Magma mixing

A

Two melts combine to form intermediate composition between them

119
Q

Early formed crystals settle to the bottom of the melt and are isolated from the rest of the melt …

A

Fractional crystallization

120
Q

Could fractional crystallization cause initial Felix turn to magic

A

No, order on how crystals form and first stable crystals that form are mafic.
1500————->600 cannot jump

121
Q

Igneous rocks are classified on

A

Texture and minerals

122
Q

Factors that affect crystal size are mostly due to

A

Rate of cooling

123
Q

Slow rate

A

Fewer but larger crystals

124
Q

Fast rate

A

Many small crystals

125
Q

Very fast

A

Glass

126
Q

Texture

A

Appearance of rock

127
Q

Fine grained

A

Aphanite

128
Q

Coarse grained

A

Phaneritic

129
Q

Extremely fast cooling

A

Glassy texture

130
Q

With no gas escaping the rock formed is termed

A

Obsidian

131
Q

Gas escaping and creating frothing the rock is termed

A

Pumice

132
Q

Large crystals surrounded by a matrix of smaller crystals

A

Porphyritic

133
Q

Reasons of porphyritic

A

Minerals form at different temperatures

134
Q

Huge coarse grained crystals

A

Pegmatitic

135
Q

Escaping gas leaving holes in the rock is called

A

Vesicular

136
Q

Fragments from volcanic eruptions encased in rock is called

A

Pyro clastic

137
Q

Rock containing large pieces of pyro clastic

A

Breccia

138
Q

Rock containing just ash

A

Tuff

139
Q

Once magma cools and solidifies underground the general term for this feature is called

A

Pluton

140
Q

Shape of plugins can be

A

Tabular or massive

141
Q

Surrounding rock is

A

Country rock

142
Q

Concordant

A

Parallel to country rock

143
Q

Discordant

A

Cut across the country rock

144
Q

Batholith

A
  • largest, 100 km diameter, forms core of mountains
  • high viscosity magma(slurpy),rises slowly, rising melts crust and push into dome
  • silic , discordant
145
Q

Stock

A
  • same as batholic but smaller
  • silic
  • discordant
146
Q

Senility

A

Pieces of country rock that been detached

  • mafic,inter,silic
  • foreign rock
  • 1cm–>20m in size
147
Q

Chilled margins

A

Smaller crystals at edges where in contact with country rock

  • outside cool faster than inside
  • mafic,inter,silic
148
Q

Sill

A 
Sheet like, along grain of country rock
-usually horizontal 
-1m-->100m
-low viscosity, squirty, mafic 
Concordat
149
Q

Dyke

A

Sheet like crosses the bedding of country rock

  • same as sill
  • intermediate
  • low viscosity
  • discordant
150
Q

Laccoliths

A
  • curved top with flat bottom
  • began as a sill but unable to extend laterally and created dome
  • medium viscosity , intermediate
  • concordat
151
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistant to flow

152
Q

Mafic

A

Rich in ferromagnesian minerals, flows easily, low viscosity, gasses release easier resulting in non explosive eruptions

153
Q

Felsic

A

High in silica content , difficult to flow, Hugh viscosity, explosive Volpcanism

154
Q

Composite volcano (strato)

A 
20km wide 5km high
Slope 20-30 degrees (steep)
Made of lava and pyroclastics 
High viscosity keeps sides steep
Silic and inter
Ex.cascade,rainier,Helens,baker
155
Q

Volcanic dome

A 
1km width 300m high 
30-40 angle slope 
Very slow extrusion of very high viscosity lava 
Ex Helens
Felic
156
Q

Volcanic pipes and necks

A

Pipes-connect magma to surface

Necks-resistant vents left standing after erosion has removed volcanic cone

157
Q

Shield volcano

A 
Like a shield 
5-10 angle 
Non explosive
Large area 
Mafic 
Low viscosity 
Basalt 
Ex. Maura Loa
158
Q

Cinder cones

A 
Built from ejected lava 
Occur in groups
Small size
Semi explosive 
Distinct look
159
Q

Fissure eruptions

A

Lava plateau
Lava from cracks
Mafic
Low viscosity

160
Q

Caldera

A

Massive explosiveness
Eruption that results in a lake
Felix
High viscosity

Geo 12 (6 decks)

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