Unit 3 Flashcards
How many friendships does the average person forms over a lifetime?
396, roughly 33 of these last over time
What is the truth about group stories?
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they are never linear
-> they are constantly forming, evolving, breaking apart and sometimes reforming in unexpected ways.
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how do individuals change over time?
they move through different roles, gradually integrating, and sometimes becoming central figures within the group
What does it mean that membership itself is fluid?
some people leave, others return and many drift away without ever coming back
-> every group was once just a collection of strangers
What does the invisible line between ‘them’ and ‘us’ quitely reminds us of?
that we are always part of something bigger than ourselves
-> We want to make a good impression
What will time tell us about goups?
that not every group is meant for us, just as we are not meant for every group
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
Who was Bruce W. Tuckman?
an American psychologist dedicated to exploring small group behavior in the 1960s
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What did Bruce W. Tuckman’s mentor (Irwin Altman) had compiled?
a collection of 50 articles focusing group development
-> many rooted in T-groups
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What are T-groups?
italic
short for training groups
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What did Tuckman observe in his mentor’s experiment?
that despite the differences in context and methodology, groups appeared to progress through similar stages
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What are the 5 stages that Tuckman observed?
forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is Forming characterized by?
italics
by initial introductions, uncertainty about the groups purpose and polite interactions
-> basically ‘getting to know each other’
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is Storming?
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the true test.
-> marks the moment when differences in personality, opinions and priorities become apparent, leading to conflict
underlined … bold
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What might be there as members align with thos who share similar ideas?
subgroups or alliances
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is storming?
it is a necessary phase
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Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is Norming?
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the turning point
-> the group moves beyond conflict and starts functioning choesively
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What happens to members in the Norming stage?
they begin to accept group norms, develop mutual respect, work towards common goals
-> moment group norms are solidified and individuals feel more comfortable expressing opinions and collaborating
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is Performing?
Italic
the moment the group achieves stability and synergy
-> individuals have finally understood their roles, trust one another and focus on accomplishing shared objectives
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
do all groups reach the Performing stage?
no, but those that do tend to maximize productivity as members work with minimal conflict and strong problem-solving skills
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What is Adjourning?
Italic
all groups eventually face an ending - wether because they fulfilled their purpose, members moved on or external factors cause dissolution
-> members usually acknowledge the groups achievments and reflect on personal and collective growth
Tuckman’s Five Stages of Group Development
What else happens in the Adjourning Phase?
This is also the moment the group holds a final gathering before disbanding
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What does Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization explains?
just as Tuckman’s model it explains how a group evolves over time
-> membership within a group was suggested to follow a structures progression
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What did Richard L. Moreland and John M. Levine observed from academic settings to organizational environments?
whenever a newcomer was assigned mentors they adapted more quickly and developed a stronger sense of belonging than those who were left to navigate things on their own
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What role do mentors play for newcomer to a group?
a crucial role in their integration within the group
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What do examples like mentors, peer support and so on highlight?
the importance of structured onboarding processes, investing in proper integration to create cohesive groups
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What else did Moreland and Levine extend there research to?
to how groups adapted to the departure of long-standing members
-> in many cases, remaining members went through an informational mourning period where they had to renegotiate roles and expectations
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What happens to the remaining members if the departing individual has been a central figure in the group?
the absence creates uncertainty and anxiety, sometimes even leading to a ripple effect where others also chose to leave
-> particularly evident in close-knit groups
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What did Moreland and Levine propose?
a five-stage model of groups socialization much like Tuckman’s model of group development
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What are the 5 stages of group socialization by Moreland and Levine?
investigation, socialization, maintenance, resocialization, remembrance
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
Do all groups follow the sequence of Moreland and Levine strictly?
no, some may transition into different stages at different times
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is Investigation in Moreland’s and Levine’s model?
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a mutual selection before entry
-> individual is considered to be a prospective member
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What happens once the prospective member joins?
the transition into the second stage
Socialization
-> they are now referred to as new member, they are part of the group but not yet fully accepted
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
How may groups formalize the transition to socialization?
through entry rituals or symbolic gestures that reinforce the change in status
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is socialization critical to?
to determine whether the new member will fully integrate into the group or remain an outsider
-> at this point: socialization is about internalizing what it means to be part of the group
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What are the 2 forms of internalizing what it means to be part of the group?
- explicit socialization
- implicit socialization
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is Explicit socialization?
Italic
known as formal learning
-> some groups provide structured training or mentorship programs to ensure new members adjust smoothly
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is Implicit socialization?
informal socialization, through trial and error and feedback
-> unspoken norms often define the true culture of a group
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
what happens, when socialization fails?
several outcomes
e.g. marginalization, changing thereselved, switching groups
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
what does the phenomenon The Lonely at the Top indicates?
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that socialization also occurs when an individual who was already part of the group moves into a new and different role
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is the Reality Shock Phenomenon by Louis?
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what we do does not align with our expectations
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What do newcomer transition into if the socialization stage is successful?
maintenance
-> fully integrated group member
italic
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is the crucial milestone in maintenance?
acceptance
-> signifies that the individual is recognized and trusted as a true insider
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What does the recognition of a member as a true insider depends on?
the staffing level
-> degree to which the actual number of group members is like the ideal
(can be overstaffed or understaffed)
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Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What occurs in Maintenance?
role negotiation
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What occurs when the members needs or actions no longer align with the groups expectations?
Divergence
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
Does Divergence automatically mean that there is an immediate exit?
no, there is a second change
-> resocialization stage, a turning point where both sides renegotiate roles, behaviors and expectations
italic
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What happens when resocialization succeeds? What happens when it fails?
- succeeds: member reintegrates, adapts to new norms or finds a revised role
- fails: process moves towards exit - does not always imply severing all ties
Moreland and Levine’s Model of Group Socialization
What is the last stage?
remembrance
-> explores how ex members reflect on their experience and how the group chooses to remember them
italic
Which classification system did Robert F. Bales create?
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
-> based on reoccuring patterns of interaction
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What are the 2 braod dimensions that Robert F. Bales created in his model?
- task-oriented behaviors
- socio-emotional behaviors
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What do task-orienated behaviors encompass?
all behaviors directed at task completion
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What does socio-emotional behavior refer to?
interpersonal relationships within the group members
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What are task-related behaviors according to Bales?
necessary but can lead to conflicts when people disagree, so to restore group hearmony socio-emotional behaviors become essential
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What did Bales discover through his observations?
that certain members naturally take on leadership roles (some focused on tasks, others on relationships) and groups that balance both dimensions perform better
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)
What was Bales model later refined into?
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
italic and bold
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What did Bales attempt to explain in the Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)?
why certain members naturally became leaders and how individuals personalities and relationships evolved over time
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
How many dimensions of SYMLOG did Bales find?
three
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What are the 3 Dimensions Bales found?
- Dominance vs. Submissiveness
- Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness
- Task-oriented vs. Emotion-oriented
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What is Dominance vs. Submissiveness?
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all about who takes control and who follows
-> dominant members tend to speak more, direct actions and influence descisions
-> submissive members are quieter, more passive and follow rather than lead
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What is Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness?
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there is a continuum between how supportive or critical group members are
-> friendly behaviors include encouragement, cooperation and inclusiveness
-> unfriendly behavior include hostility, resistance, exclusion of others
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What is Task-oriented vs. Emotion-oriented?
Italic
in this case: subtle difference from the previous IPA model
-> this dimension reveals whether group members focus more on results or relationships
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What do Task-oriented individuals and Emotion-oriented individuals focus on more?
- Task-oriented: prioritize goal achievement
- Emotion-oriented: relationships, morale, group harmony
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What did Bales conclude through all dimensions?
that successful groups tend to have a balance between dominance, friendliness and task focus, whereas dysfunctional groups often struggle with power imbalances or emotional conflicts
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
What are some examples of different roles based on how members score on the three dimensions?
- Dominant, friendly, and task-oriented: task leader.
- Dominant, friendly, and emotion-oriented: emotional leader.
- Dominant, unfriendly, and task-oriented: critic/challenger.
- Submissive, friendly, and emotion-oriented: passive member.
- Submissive, unfriendly, and emotion-oriented: distractor.
