unit 3 Flashcards
Aggravate (v.)
ˈæɡrəˌvet
Synonym: worsen, exacerbate
Collocation: condition, pain, situation (n.)
Example: Their negative reactions have greatly aggravated the situation
وخیم تر کردن
worsen (v.)
/ˈwɜːrsən/
Synonym: exacerbate , Aggravate
Example: Interfering now could worsen the problem.
بدتر شدن یا کردن
exacerbate (v.)
/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/
Synonym: exacerbate , Aggravate
Example: This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.
بدتر کردن، خون کسی را بجوش اوردن
Catastrophic (adj.)
/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/
Synonym: calamitous, disastrous
Collocation: be, prove (v.) / potentially (adv.) / for (prep.)
Example: Such actions can be potentially catastrophic for the environment
فاجعه بار
calamitous (adj.)
/kəˈlæmɪtəs/
Synonym: Catastrophic , disastrous
Example: They had a calamitous impact on this town.
مصیبت بار
Confirm (v.)
Synonym: verify, substantiate
Collocation: results, allegations (n.) / be able/unable to, help to (v.)
Example: Is there any way to confirm these allegations against the company?
تایید کردن
substantiate (v.)
/səbˈstænt͡ʃiˌet/
Synonym: verify, Confirm
We have evidence to substantiate the allegations against him.اظهار
-to substantiate an acclaim
با دلیل و مدرک اثبات کردن ، ماهیت جسمانی دادن به
allegations (N.)
/ˌæləˈɡeɪʃn̩/
Example: It took over two months to disprove the allegation.
به جای بزرگی اتهام زده شود مثل رئیس جمهور
accusation (N.)
/ˌækjəˈzeɪʃn̩/
He made an accusation against me.
اتهام وارد کردن به جای کوچک
Corrode (v.)
/kəˈroʊd/
Synonym: erode, ruin
Collocation: corrode sth
Example: Corruption corrodes public confidence in a political system
فساد اعتماد عمومی به یک نظام سیاسی را از بین می برد
پوساندن ، خوردگی
erode (v.)
/ɪˈroʊd/
Synonym: Corrode , ruin
Example: The river eroded the limestone and created a gorge.
رودخانه سنگ آهک را فرسایش داد و دره ای ایجاد کرد
(فلز و غیره را) خوردن، خورده شدن، فرسودن، (در اثر باران و غیره) فرسایش ایجاد کردن
Derive (v.)
/dɪˈrʌɪv/
Synonym: extract, obtain
Collocation: inspiration, benefit (n.) / from (prep.)
Example: The lions clearly derive some benefit from living in groups.
بهره بردن، بدست آوردن
extract (v.)
Synonym: Derive , obtain
Example: The machine extracts the juice from the lemons.
Example: The dentist extracted his tooth.
خلاصه ، عصاره ، استخراج
obtain (v.)
/əbˈteɪn/
Synonym: extract , Derive
Example: in order to obtain british citizenship
بدست اوردن، حاصل کردن، گرفتن
Diminish (v.)
/dəˈmɪnɪʃ/
Synonym: decrease, reduce, curtail
Collocation: value, influence (n.)
Example: His influence has diminished with time.
Example: the passing years did not diminish their friendship
محو شدن ، از اهمیت کاستن
dim مبهم ، تاریک
curtail (v.)
/kərˈteɪl/
Synonym: decrease, reduce , Diminish
We must try to curtail our spending.
خرد ساختن، کوتاه کردن، مختصر نمودن
Famine (n.)
/ˈfæmən/
Synonym: hunger, starvation
Collocation: widespread, mass (adj.) / Survive, suffer from (v.)
Example: Four million people are now facing famine.
قحطی
Flourish (v.)
Synonym: thrive, burgeon
Collocation: business, economy (n.)
Example: The business continued to grow and flourish.
شکوفایی
thrive (v.)
/ˈθraɪv/
Synonym: Flourish , burgeon
Example: These animals thrive on the leaves of certain trees.
Example: A business cannot thrive without investment.
پیشرفت کردن، کامیابی
burgeon (v.)
/ˈbɜːrdʒən/
Synonym: Flourish , thrive
Example: Love burgeoned between them.
Example: She burgeoned into a fine actress.
جوانه زدن، شکوفه دادن، شکوفا شدن
Mitigate (v.)
/ˈmɪtəˌɡet/
Synonym: pacify, relieve
Collocation: mitigate sth
Example: Soil erosion was mitigated by planting trees.
با کاشت درخت، فرسایش خاک کاهش یافت
کاستن از اثر منفی ، تسکین دادن ، ملایم کردن
pacify (v.)
/ˈpæsəˌfaɪ/
Synonym: Mitigate , relieve
Example: to pacify a crying child
Example: It was difficult for the police to pacify the angry crowd.
ارام کردن، ساکت کردن، خواباندن
Penchant (n.)
/ˈpent͡ʃənt/
Synonym: liking, inclination, predilection
Collocation: have a penchant for sth
Example: She has a penchant for champagne
علاقه ، میل شدید
inclination (n.)
/ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃn̩/
Synonym: liking, Penchant , predilection
Example: She had neither the time nor the inclination to help them.
شیب - تمایل -نحراف - گرایش
predilection (n.)
/ˌpredəˈlekʃn̩/
Synonym: liking, Penchant ,inclination
Example: He has a predilection for rich food.
جانبداری ، علاقه شدید
Predatory (adj.)
/ˈpredəˌtɔːri/
Synonym: exploitative, wolfish
Collocation: look, behavior (n.)
Example: Predatory business practices.
چپاولگر ، شکارچی
exploitative (adj.)
Synonym: Predatory , wolfish
Example: exploitative employment agencies
predatory birds!
استثمارگرانه
wolfish (adj.)
/ˈwʊlfɪʃ/
Synonym: Predatory , exploitative
wolfish blue eyes
درنده خو، ددمنش، پر حرص و ولع
refute (v.)
/rəˈfjuːt/
Synonym: reject, repudiate
Collocation: accusation, claim (n.)
Example: She refutes any accusation that she stole money.
رد کردن، تکذیب کردن، اشتباه کسی را اثبات کردن
repudiate (v.)
/riˈpjuːdiˌet/
Synonym: reject, refute
Example: to repudiate a contract
منکر شدن، رد کردن
relic (n.)
/ˈrelɪk/
Synonym: remnant, vestige
Collocation: ancient, last (adj.) / discover, unearth (v.)اززیر خاک در اوردن
Example: The last relics of the old civilization were discovered in a wooden box.
بازمانده
remnant (n.)
/ˈremnənt/
Synonym: relic , vestige
Example: She made soup with the remnants of the roast chicken.
ته مانده، اثر
vestige (n.)
/ˈvestɪdʒ/
Synonym: relic , remnant
Example: There’s not a vestige of truth in the story.
یقایا ، نشانه
scrutinize (v.)
/ˈskruːtəˌnaɪz/
Synonym: inspect, examine
Collocation: closely, intensely (adv.) / for (prep.)
Example: All parts of the aircraft are closely scrutinized for signs of damage.
موشکافی کردن ، با دقت بررسی کردن
inspect (v.)
/ˌɪnˈspekt/
Synonym: scrutinize , examine
Example: let us inspect his motives
بازرسی کردن، تفتیش کردن
Shortage (n.)
/ˈʃɔːrtədʒ/
Synonym: Paucity, dearth
Collocation: lead to, result in (v.) / dire, critical (adj.)
Example: The recent draught has led to dire water shortage. خشکسالی
کمبود
dire
/ˈdaɪr/
a dire future
بقرنج ، شوم
Paucity (n.)
/ˈpɒsəti/
Synonym: Shortage , dearth
Example: the paucity of really good teachers
کمیابی
dearth (n.)
/ˈdɜːrθ/
Synonym: Shortage , Paucity
There is a dearth of information on this subject.
کمیابی و گرانی، قحط
Solemn (adj.)
/ˈsɑːləm/
Synonym: somber, serious
Collocation: become, grow, look (v.)
Example: Our most solemn duty is to protect the public.
رسمی، گرفته، مهم
somber (adj.)
/ˈsɑːmbər/
Synonym: Solemn , serious
Example: a somber brown / a somber occasion
تاریک، غم انگیز
Spurious (adj.)
/ˈspjʊriəs/
Synonym: fake, counterfeit
Collocation: allegation, argument (n.)
Example: The movement is too important to be undermined by spurious allegation.ادعا
کاذب
counterfeit (adj.)
/ˈkaʊntərˌfɪt/
Synonym: fake, Spurious
Example: a counterfeit smile/coin/sorrow
جعلی
Subside (v.)
/səbˈsaɪd/
Synonym: abate, dwindle, decrease
Collocation: soon, gradually (adv.) / into (prep.)
Example: Her tears soon subsided into sniffs
فروکش
abate (v.)
/əˈbeɪt/
Synonym: Subside , dwindle, decrease
Example: to abate a tax
The storm began to abate slightly.
فروکش ،کم شدن، خرد شدن، تخفیف دادن
dwindle (v.)
/ˈdwɪndl̩/
Synonym: abate, Subside , decrease
Example: Our supply of unpolluted water has dwindled.
رفته رفته کوچک شدن ، تحلیل رفتن
gradually
/ˈɡrædʒuːəli/
Example: The weather is gradually getting warmer.
بتدریج، رفته رفته
Superfluous (adj.)
/ˈsuːpərˌflwəs/
Synonym: unneeded, redundant
Collocation: make sth, be, feel (v.)
Example: She gave him a look that made words superfluous
غیر ضروری، زیادی
unneeded (adj.)
Example: filter out unneeded information.
زائد
redundant (adj.)
/rəˈdəndənt/
Example: The illustration had too much redundant detail.
حشو، افزونه
Transient (adj.)
/ˈtrænʒənt/
Synonym: temporary, ephemeral
Collocation: fame, joys (n.)
Example: Don’t get attached to transient joys.
Example: A glass of whisky has only a transient warming effect.
نا پایدار، کوتاه، زود گذر
ephemeral (adj.)
/eˈfemərəl/
Synonym: temporary, Transient
Example: ephemeral boundaries مرزهای موقت
ephemeral insects حشرات کوته زی
youth is ephemeral جوانی زود گذر است.
بی دوام، زود گذر
job-seeker
a person who is unemployed and looking for work.
Recruit (v.)
/rəˈkruːt/
Example: The police are trying to recruit more black and Asian officers.
کارمند تازه، نوآموز استخدام کردن
curriculum (n.)
/kəˈrɪkjələm/
Example: the curriculum in engineering
برنامه تحصیلی
Curriculum Vitae (CV) is Latin for “course of life.
curricula جمع
bacterium جمع bacteria
Scold (v.)
/skoʊld/
Example: When Bill learned his son had been naughty throughout the funeral, he scolded
him for misbehaving during the solemn occasion
سرزنش کردن، عتاب و خطاب کردن
evoke (v.)
/ɪˈvoʊk/
Example: Smells and tastes often evoke memories from the past.
evoked in me a feeling of nostalgia
احضار کردن ارواح، بیرون کشیدن
prosecutor (n.)
/ˈprɑːsɪˌkjuːtər/
Example: The evidence provided by the prosecutor will refute the defendant’s claim of innocence.
Example: public prosecutor مدعی العموم
مدعی ، شاکی، دادستان
revenue (n.)
/ˈrevəˌnuː/
Example: The annual revenue from oil exports continued to rise during the 1990s
درامد، سود سهام
disposable (adj.)
a disposable cup
disposable assets
یکبار مصرف، در د سترس
disposal income
is amount of money that an individual has to spend or save after income taxes has been deducted
soar (V. )
/ˈsɔːr/
Example: temperatures will soar
بالغ شدن بر، اوج گرفتن
extoll (V. )
Example: Many poets have extolled the beauties of the countryside.
ستاینده، تعریف کننده
inhibit (V. )
/ˌɪnˈhɪbət/
Example: An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
مانع شدن، ممنوع کردن، باز داشتن
inhibition
rigorous (adj.)
/ˈrɪɡərəs/
Example: The team’s coach insisted on a program of rigorous training before the big game.
Example: they were punished with unusual rigor
سخت، شدید
exorbitant (adj.)
/ɪgˈzɔrbɪtənt/
Example: Prices at Greek hotels are still affordable, but in Switzerland they are exorbitant
گزاف، فاحش
obstruct (v. )
/əbˈstrəkt/
Example: The crash obstructed the motorway for several hours.
مانع شدن، مسدود کردن ، (راه چیزی را) بند آوردن
hinder (V. )
/ˈhɪndər/
Example: Deep mud hindered travel in urban centers
واقع در عقب، مانع شدن
hindrance بازداری
take to (v. )
Example: After his wife’s death, he took to drinking
عادت کردن، پناه بردن به
contiguous (adj.)
/kənˈtɪɡjuːəs/
Example: our garden is contiguous with their house
نزدیک، مجاور
contingent (adj.)
/kənˈtɪndʒənt/
Example: a contingent of European scientists
Example: a contingent result
تصادفی، مشروط، گردان
Congenial (adj.)
/kənˈdʒiːnjəl/
Example: congenial friends
a congenial job شغل دلخواه
هم مشرب، هم سلیقه
impediment (adj.)
/ˌɪmˈpedəmənt/
Example: It was obvious that the child suffered from a serious speech impediment
مانع، لکنت، اشکال
hamper (v. )
/ˈhæmpər/
Example: His heavy boots hampered him at work.
مانع شدن از، از کار بازداشتن
stem (v. )
/ˈstem/
Example: Your errors stem all from your carelessness.
بند آوردن ، ریشه، ناشی شدن
repel (v. )
/rəˈpel/
Example: to repel an enemy attack
دفع کردن، بیزار کردن
compel (v. )
/kəmˈpel/
Example: Heavy floods compelled us to stop.
مجبور کردن، وادار کردن
feel inhibited (v. )
not confident enough to say or do what you want
handicap (n. )
shyness can be handicap in business
مانع، نقص
manta ray
She was most fascinated with the giant Manta Ray
سفره ماهی
extinction (n. )
several plant species are threatened with extinction
the extinction of a fire
انقراض، اطفاء، خاموش سازی
fuss (n. )
/ˈfəs/
what is all this fuss about?
سر و صدا، تلاش، های هوی
emission (n. )
/ˌɪˈmɪʃn̩/
sending out
The emission of gases such as carbon
برون فرست امواج
نشر
pass on (v .)
Let’s pass on to the next subject now.
aerial
/ˈeriəl/
The aerial doesn’t look very secure to me.
انتن هوایی رادیو، هوایی ، بلند
carry out (v .)
/ˈkæriˈaʊt/
who carried out the research?
انجام دادن، پیش بردن
breed (v. )
/ˈbriːd/
some animals do not breed in captivity
تربیت کردن، زاییدن، گونه
territory
/ˈterəˌtɔːri/
their soldiers invaded our territory
خاک، قلمرو، سرزمین
wander (v. )
/ˈwɑːndər/
I’ll wander around the mall for half an hour.
پرسه زدن، پلکیدن
draw a conclusion
To draw a conclusion means to make a judgment
causative verbs -passive
make -have -get
افعال سببی
- i made children go to bed : the children was made ti go to bed (passive)
- the manager had everyone fill out the form
- get jack to help us
-مجهول کردن have/got مفعول غیر انسان :
we are going to have/got our house painted next week
lower (V. )
/ˈloər/
they lowered the coffin into the ground
فرو کردن ، پایین آوردن
