Unit 3 Flashcards
Who was the leader of the rebellion in lower Canada
What did he do?
Louis Joseph Papineau
He was a high social ranking land owning seigneurial lord who was fighting for radical reforms and to preserve French-Canadian values
What complaints did papineau make and an example
The 92 resolutions
Ex: elected assembly
Governor chooses cabinet from elected assembly
What results rebellion in lower Canada (3pts)
Crops failed
Immigrants were flooding into the colony
A cholera epidemic
How did the British respond to the 92 resolutions
After 3 years they rejected all of them
The battle of St.Denis
British troops came to arrest Papineau but he escaped to the US. The patriots killed 6 British troops, so 2 days later the British killed 60 patriots
Battle of St Eustache
3 pts
Near Montreal 1400 British redcoats and volunteers fought toe patriots into a village church. As they tried to escape the church flames were shot at them.
Papineau refused to return and fight
6 battles in 2 years had 27 British die and 300 French Canadian patriots die
Who was the leader of the rebellion in upper Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie
What were Mackenzies complaints (3pts)
1.) church reserves: 3 million acres were given to the church and lady natural while immigrant farmers struggled with poor land
2.) responsible government
3.)campaigned against ruling elites and unfair control of upper Canada
Events of the rebellion in upper Canada
(6pts)
-Mackenzie and 600 armed supporters marched on Youge street demanding responsible government
-A standing army was dispatched to deal with Mackenzie
-the sheriff and his men fired at Mackenzie and both groups fled in confusion or scared
-2days later Bond head led an army to Mackenzie’s headquarters
-in 30 minutes they got into Montgomery Tavern and beat them
-Mackenzie slipped out the back and fled to the US
When was the great migration
1815-1850
What changes came due to the influx of settlers
(4pts)
-Politics: new settlers brought desire for a responsible government. This caused conflict between oligarchies and reformers
-Economics: the economy of the colony improved with more people
-Technology: immigrants brought new machines and better methods for manufacturing and farming
- New settlements: sprang up across the country
What is an oligarchie
people who formed councils and made decisions
What is a reformer
An ordinary citizen who wanted change
What happened during the American Civil war and year
1861-1865
The slave owning Southern states wanted to separate from the free Northern States
The Alabama Affair
British North America (Canada) was worried the North (USA) would turn its vast, battle hardened armies and attack to get revenge against Britain
The Trent Crisis
A Northern warship stopped the “Trent” a British ship in Neutral waters
As an act of war
Manifest Destiny
(3pts)
-American politicians talked of Manifest Destiny(that one day the US will take over all of North America)
-In 1867 the US purchased Alaska from Russia leaving the open plains of west Canada at risk
-Discovery of gold in BC brought thousands of Americans into the colony caught between Alaska and the US
What is and who are the Fenian Raids (2pts)
-The Fenianas were Irish who settled in the USA to escape British rule
-They thought if they could capture British North American Colonies ( hold Canada hostage) it might force Britain to free Ireland
Trade Issues for British colonies
-All British colonies enjoyed protective tariffs
- all Britain imported goods had little or no tax
-In 1846 Britain began free trade
Causes of Confederation (6pts)
-American Civil War
-The Alabama Affair
-The Trent Crisis
-St.Alban’s Raid
-Manifest Destiny
-Fenian Raids
St.Alban;s Raid
Southern Troops attacked St. Alban Vermont, robbed three banks and then fled to Canada
The Grand Trunk Railway
The Grand Trunk Railway (Canadas first railway) was the link to all of the colonies together
Benefits of the Grand Trunk Railway (2pts)
-Trade: Increased trade among colonies
-Defense: Incase of attack from the USA troops could be transported faster
What was the railway like before the Grand Trunk Railway?
It was a 106km railway track in most colonies, but most of it went into the USA
Why did people come to Canada from Ireland?
The potato famine caused starvation and deaths. They came to Canada looking for farmland and an end to starvation
Why did people come to Canada from Scotland?
The country was full of tenant farmers who farmed the nobles land. Sheep farm became more profitable so tenant farmers were kick off the land. The Scottish immigrants were looking for new farmland
Why did people from England come to Canada?
Due to the Industrial revolution factories and machines rose and there was less need for craftsmen and laborer’s.
how many irish died at sea
17% (85,000)
How many irish died shortly after arriving in Canada
20% (100,000)
How many irish needed medical attention but lived
25% (125,000)
How many irish survived
38% (190,000)
Coffin ships
(6pts)
-Ships that carried timber back from Canada to Europe brought passengers on their way to Canada for cheap
-crammed in
-had rough wooden berths, six people to a berth (small wooden bed area)
-NO fresh air, bathrooms, or kitchens
-Bedding infested with lice and bed bugs
-many survived but were took weak and had to take low paying jobs
Results of the Rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada
They both failed
What were the effects of Lord Durham’s recommendations and what did he say
-Durham said that the French Canadian’s were people with no history or literature
-Many people in lower Canada were insulted and there was an explosion of French Canadian novelists, poets, artists, and historians to prove him wrong
Who is Radical Jack
John George Lambton who was the Earl of Durham
He was a troublemaker who was sent to Canada as “High Commissioner and Governor General”
Population of Canada East and Canada West
East:(Quebec) 1.1million
West:(Ontario) 1.6 million
What did Lord Durham do to solve problem’s in Lower Canada
He planned to assimilate the French by rigging the system so over time they would just become English
What was the act of union (3pts)
- Upper and lower Canada were under a single government
-They were renamed Canada East and West
-The Act of Union backfired because it drew together the like minded reformers (protesters or rebels)
Who were Canada East and West and how many seats did each have in parliament
East= French
West=English
both had 42 seats in parliament
How were major issues dealt with in Canada
Both Canada East and West had to agree, which was called a Double Majority
Why was double majority a problem
The French and English were on opposite sides, so votes were always tied.
This made a political deadlock
The current gov had to be dissolved and a new gov was elected
This happened 15 times in 15 years
Why was trade between colonies difficult
They put high tariffs on trading products
name of agreement with the USA and why it didn’t last
Treaty of reciprocity
It was a 10 year deal with the US where there would be open trade
Due to tension between the US and the BNA colonies the US didn’t renew the contract. The US wanted to force the colonies to join the US in order to continue trading with them
What was discussed at the Charlottetown conference
The possible union of all the British North American colonies
3 conferences in the creation of the Dominion of Canada
The Charlottetown conference
The Quebec conference
The London Conference
Why was the first conference held in Charlottetown
Ontario and Quebec wanted confederation to happen, but the Maritimes weren’t convinced it wouldn’t do them any good so the conference was brought to them so they would attend
What happened after the Charlottetown conference
The Maritime Delegates were convinced so they agreed to meet again in Quebec City to finalize the details
What 3 things happend at the Quebec conference
A federal system was set up
The senate was created
Canada was formed with 4 provinces
What is the federal system that was created at the Quebec conference
it was made for a distribution of power
Federal gov would take care of national matters and provincial gov would handle local issues
Why was the senate created
to give a voice to regions of Canada that had a small population like the Maritimes
4 provinces Canada was created with
-Quebec
-Ontario
-Nova Scotia
-New Brunswick
Who didn’t join the Dominion of Canada
Newfoundland & PEI
Why did Newfoundland not wanna join the dominion of Canada (3pts)
-Fear of taxes on boats and fish
-Feared their economy would suffer due to cheaper Canadian goods
-Feared their people would be forced to serve in the Canadian military
Why did PEI not wanna join the dominion of Canada (5pts)
-The size of the new nation scared them
-Thought they wouldn’t have a voice in the gov due to small size
-Wanted Charlottetown to be the capital but it was rejected
-The proposed railway wouldn’t run through PEI
-The conference didn’t address buying out absentee landlords (rich people who owned but rarley visited their land)
What happened at the London conference
-Canada reps went to ask permission to become independent
-Britain was in favour of this and hoped the colonies could look after themselves since they were becoming costly for the British
What act was passed at the London Conference
-The (BNA) British North American Act was passed in 1867 which created the Dominion of Canada
