Unit 3 Flashcards
Explain how the laws of thermodynamics applied to cellular respiration
the first law staes that energy can be convented but cannot be destoryed. the second law states that no energy conversion is 100.
What is the universal compound that supplies energy needed for cells
ATP
Define potential energy
free energy, energy available to do work
Define kinetic energy
energy at work
Define endergonic reactions
energy in, forms bonds
Define exergonic reactions
break the bonds, free energy out
What compound joins to form ATP and where is the energy stored?
ADP and the energy is stored in the bonds between phosphates
How many high energy bonds are found in ATP and where they located
has 2 high energy bonds between the last 2 phosphates
What is a ~bond
an high engery bond
When is the most of our ATP produced?
when our body is at rest
What are the two compounds that are bonded together to form adenosine in ATP
Adenine + Ribose
Define catalyst
large polypeptides that speed up chemical reactions. they are not used up, destroyed, or permanently changed
What is the energy of activation in a chemical reaction? What supplies this energy in the lab or in the cell?
molecules frequently don’t reach each other and have to add energy to them to cause a reaction. in the lab, energy is added with heat. in the cell, enzymes supply the energy of activation
What is a substrate?
the reactants acted upon by the enzyme
Referring to enzymatic actions what are synthesis reactions
an enzyme joins substrates
Again, referring to enzymatic reactions what is degradation reaction
an enzyme breaks apart substrates
What is the activation site in a enzyme?
the actual site on the enzyme where synthesis or degradation occurs. brings substrates together for reaction to occur, provides a reaction surface that acts like a work bench
What kind of bond holds the substrate in place on the activation site of the enzyme?
van der waal bond
How many kcal are required to break a Van der waal bond?
1-2 kcal
What scientific project map the 23 pairs of human chromosomes
project genome
What are most of our gene formulas for?
enzymes
What factors can speed up enzymatic activity?
faster if substrate concentration is high
faster if temperature is increased
each enzyme has a preferred ph at which it operates
What happens to an enzyme in the surrounding temperature gets too high
the enzyme denatures, or falls apart and cant bind to a substrate
What is the importance of PH to enzyme activity?
each enzyme has a preferred ph, change it, and it the enzyme is deactivated
What are enzyme inhabitants?
prevent substrates from binding to the activation site of an enzyme
What is the effect of cyanide on humans?
cyanide blocks the activation sites on an enzyme needed to make ATP in cellular respiration : kills humans
What type of inorganic compounds are cofactors and what are their function?
minerals, assist an enzyme in forming products
What type of organic compounds are coenzymes and what is their function?
vitamins, co-enzymes accept electrons–pass them down– electron transfer chains–prducting ATPS
What are redox reactions?
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
Which redox reaction loses electrons
oxidation
Which redox reaction gains electrons
reduction
What does OILRIG stand for
oxidation is losing; reduction is gaining
What are the three types of phosphorylation?
substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation
Which type of phosphorylation is associated with glycolysis in the Krebs cycle with etc with photosynthesis
substrate phosporylation
List the three phrases of respiration and where each occurs
glycolysis-occurs in the cytoplasm
krebs- occurs in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
electron transport chain- occurs on the cristae of the mitochondrion
What is the formula for cellular respiration
C6 12H 6O + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38P –> 6CO2+ 6H2O +38 ATP’S, NET 36
What is glucose 6 phosphate
phosphorylated glucose with P added to 6 carbon
What is fructose 1, 6 Bi-phosphate
compound produced after glucose has been phosphorylated at the 1 & 6 carbons and then rearranged into phosphorylated frucoste
What is phosphoglyceraldehyde
PGAL
What is PGAL
Phosphoglycerldehyde
What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide=bus
NAD
What is NADH+H
hydrogen bus
What is adenosine triphosphate
ATP, our engery
What is ATP
adenosine triphosphate
What is adenosine diphospate
ADP
What is ADP
adenosine diphosphate
What is pyruvate
intermatic sturtures, glucose is too big to get in organelles so it get broke into pruvates
What is phosphorylation
adding an phosphate group
What is redox reactions: oxidation and reduction
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
What is condensation reaction
losing of water
What is high energy bond~
found in both ADP and ATP,when broken releases 5X more energy than ordinary bonds
Which phase of respiration is anaerobic
glycolgsis
What vitamin is NAD produced from
B vitamin niacin
What triggers fermentation occur in the cell
insufficient O2
What compound is oxidized reduce?
NADH
What step does NAD return to?
PGAL
What cells undergo fermentation if there’s insufficient supply of oxygen
muscle cells
The muscle cell has stalled in glycolysis and formed a little ATP to continue working however, what 3C waste is produced
lactic acid
Why are muscle sores after intensive workout?
fermentation
What is the result of lactic acid fermentation in milk?
soured milk
How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation?
the results are different
What organism can go through alcohol fermentation?
bacteria
What industries is alcohol fermentation important to
bread and alcohol companies
What is 3c pyruvate
three carbon pyruvate
What is decarboxylation
the loss of carbon
What is redox reaction
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
What is co-enzyme a
comes from vitmins
What is acetyl coa
helps carry to krebs group
What is 2C acetyl group
cormes from acetyl coa ater donates them to krebs
What is the function of pre-krebs
to prepare for the Krebs cycle
How does 3C pyruvate enter into the mitochondria?
utilizing channel protiens and enters the inner compartment of the membreanes
After pyruvate enters the mitochondria, what 2 step reaction occurs almost simultaneously
decarboxlation and redox reaction
What hydrogen bus is formed in pre-krebs
NADH+H
What does 2C acetate join with
Co-enzyme a
What compound is formed when 2C acetate joins with co-enzyme a
acetyl Coa
What happens to co-enzyme a
it is cut off and returns to cytoplasm to be reused
What are the net results of pre-krebs
2 2C Acetyl for krebs
2 molecules of CO2
2 NADH+H hydrogen buses for ETC
What is 6c Citrate
2C actate unties 4c oxloacetate
What is 5C ketoglutarate
comes the decarborxyion of 6c cirate
What is decarboxylation
loss of carbon / co2
What is the first compound produced krebs cycle? How many carbon atoms does it contain?
6c citrate, 6 carbons
What reaction occurs yielding a waste gas
decarboxylation
What is one of the 5C compounds produced in Krebs cycle
ketoglutarate
How many pyruvates are fed into Krebs cycle from glycolysis
2 pyruvates
So how many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each molecule glucose that goes to respiration?
2 times
What part of the hydrogen ion travels down the ETC gradient
H- Electrons
What part of the hydrogen ion is pumped into the outer compartment of the mitochondria
H+ Proteins
What is the charge of the outer compartment
postivite charge
At what points are the hydrogen protons pumped out
complex 1, 3, and 4
What is the charge of the inner compartment
negitvae charge
What is the source of the OH ions
metabolic water
where is entry point for high energy hydrogen buses
complex 1
where is entry for low energy buses
complex 2
how many spins of the ATP synthase does a high engry bus produce
3 times, making 3 ATP
how many spins of the ATP Synthase does a low enegry bus produce
2 times, making 2 ATP
what is the last electron acceptor and what is formed
the last h- electron acceptor oxygen
what direction do the protons move in
down the gradient
where is the only point in the inner membrane ((cristae) that the h protons can re-enter the inner compartment
one-way: out of the inner compartment and in to the outer compartment
what is chemiosmosis
the process of the hygren down the gradient
who won the nobel prize for chemiomosis
peter mitchell
what type of phosphorylation occurs in ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
do prokaryoyic cells(no nucleus) such as bacteria have mitochondria
no, they have no mitochondria
where are the proteins for ETC and Chemiomosis found in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
how is the NADH+H bus from glycolysis classed– low or high energy bus
high energy bus
what are the proteins order in the ETC steps
complex 1
coenzyme Q
complex 2
complex 3
cytochrome c
complex 4
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: outer compartment
outside
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: inner compartment
inside
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: cristae
on the folds
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: ATP Synthase
inner membrane
what is the location of the following in the ETC: Complex 1
co-enzyme Q
complex 2
complex 3
cytochrome C
complex 4
inner membrane
