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Biology 1406 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how the laws of thermodynamics applied to cellular respiration

A

the first law staes that energy can be convented but cannot be destoryed. the second law states that no energy conversion is 100.

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2
Q

What is the universal compound that supplies energy needed for cells

A

ATP

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3
Q

Define potential energy

A

free energy, energy available to do work

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4
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

energy at work

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5
Q

Define endergonic reactions

A

energy in, forms bonds

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6
Q

Define exergonic reactions

A

break the bonds, free energy out

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7
Q

What compound joins to form ATP and where is the energy stored?

A

ADP and the energy is stored in the bonds between phosphates

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8
Q

How many high energy bonds are found in ATP and where they located

A

has 2 high energy bonds between the last 2 phosphates

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9
Q

What is a ~bond

A

an high engery bond

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10
Q

When is the most of our ATP produced?

A

when our body is at rest

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11
Q

What are the two compounds that are bonded together to form adenosine in ATP

A

Adenine + Ribose

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12
Q

Define catalyst

A

large polypeptides that speed up chemical reactions. they are not used up, destroyed, or permanently changed

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13
Q

What is the energy of activation in a chemical reaction? What supplies this energy in the lab or in the cell?

A

molecules frequently don’t reach each other and have to add energy to them to cause a reaction. in the lab, energy is added with heat. in the cell, enzymes supply the energy of activation

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14
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactants acted upon by the enzyme

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15
Q

Referring to enzymatic actions what are synthesis reactions

A

an enzyme joins substrates

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16
Q

Again, referring to enzymatic reactions what is degradation reaction

A

an enzyme breaks apart substrates

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17
Q

What is the activation site in a enzyme?

A

the actual site on the enzyme where synthesis or degradation occurs. brings substrates together for reaction to occur, provides a reaction surface that acts like a work bench

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18
Q

What kind of bond holds the substrate in place on the activation site of the enzyme?

A

van der waal bond

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19
Q

How many kcal are required to break a Van der waal bond?

A

1-2 kcal

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20
Q

What scientific project map the 23 pairs of human chromosomes

A

project genome

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21
Q

What are most of our gene formulas for?

A

enzymes

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22
Q

What factors can speed up enzymatic activity?

A

faster if substrate concentration is high
faster if temperature is increased
each enzyme has a preferred ph at which it operates

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23
Q

What happens to an enzyme in the surrounding temperature gets too high

A

the enzyme denatures, or falls apart and cant bind to a substrate

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24
Q

What is the importance of PH to enzyme activity?

A

each enzyme has a preferred ph, change it, and it the enzyme is deactivated

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25
Q

What are enzyme inhabitants?

A

prevent substrates from binding to the activation site of an enzyme

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26
Q

What is the effect of cyanide on humans?

A

cyanide blocks the activation sites on an enzyme needed to make ATP in cellular respiration : kills humans

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27
Q

What type of inorganic compounds are cofactors and what are their function?

A

minerals, assist an enzyme in forming products

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28
Q

What type of organic compounds are coenzymes and what is their function?

A

vitamins, co-enzymes accept electrons–pass them down– electron transfer chains–prducting ATPS

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29
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced

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30
Q

Which redox reaction loses electrons

A

oxidation

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31
Q

Which redox reaction gains electrons

A

reduction

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32
Q

What does OILRIG stand for

A

oxidation is losing; reduction is gaining

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33
Q

What are the three types of phosphorylation?

A

substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation

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34
Q

Which type of phosphorylation is associated with glycolysis in the Krebs cycle with etc with photosynthesis

A

substrate phosporylation

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35
Q

List the three phrases of respiration and where each occurs

A

glycolysis-occurs in the cytoplasm
krebs- occurs in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
electron transport chain- occurs on the cristae of the mitochondrion

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36
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration

A

C6 12H 6O + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38P –> 6CO2+ 6H2O +38 ATP’S, NET 36

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37
Q

What is glucose 6 phosphate

A

phosphorylated glucose with P added to 6 carbon

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38
Q

What is fructose 1, 6 Bi-phosphate

A

compound produced after glucose has been phosphorylated at the 1 & 6 carbons and then rearranged into phosphorylated frucoste

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39
Q

What is phosphoglyceraldehyde

A

PGAL

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40
Q

What is PGAL

A

Phosphoglycerldehyde

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41
Q

What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide=bus

A

NAD

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42
Q

What is NADH+H

A

hydrogen bus

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43
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP, our engery

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44
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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45
Q

What is adenosine diphospate

A

ADP

46
Q

What is ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

47
Q

What is pyruvate

A

intermatic sturtures, glucose is too big to get in organelles so it get broke into pruvates

48
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

adding an phosphate group

49
Q

What is redox reactions: oxidation and reduction

A

If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced

50
Q

What is condensation reaction

A

losing of water

51
Q

What is high energy bond~

A

found in both ADP and ATP,when broken releases 5X more energy than ordinary bonds

52
Q

Which phase of respiration is anaerobic

A

glycolgsis

53
Q

What vitamin is NAD produced from

A

B vitamin niacin

54
Q

What triggers fermentation occur in the cell

A

insufficient O2

55
Q

What compound is oxidized reduce?

A

NADH

56
Q

What step does NAD return to?

A

PGAL

57
Q

What cells undergo fermentation if there’s insufficient supply of oxygen

A

muscle cells

58
Q

The muscle cell has stalled in glycolysis and formed a little ATP to continue working however, what 3C waste is produced

A

lactic acid

59
Q

Why are muscle sores after intensive workout?

A

fermentation

60
Q

What is the result of lactic acid fermentation in milk?

A

soured milk

61
Q

How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation?

A

the results are different

62
Q

What organism can go through alcohol fermentation?

A

bacteria

63
Q

What industries is alcohol fermentation important to

A

bread and alcohol companies

64
Q

What is 3c pyruvate

A

three carbon pyruvate

65
Q

What is decarboxylation

A

the loss of carbon

66
Q

What is redox reaction

A

If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced

67
Q

What is co-enzyme a

A

comes from vitmins

68
Q

What is acetyl coa

A

helps carry to krebs group

69
Q

What is 2C acetyl group

A

cormes from acetyl coa ater donates them to krebs

70
Q

What is the function of pre-krebs

A

to prepare for the Krebs cycle

71
Q

How does 3C pyruvate enter into the mitochondria?

A

utilizing channel protiens and enters the inner compartment of the membreanes

72
Q

After pyruvate enters the mitochondria, what 2 step reaction occurs almost simultaneously

A

decarboxlation and redox reaction

73
Q

What hydrogen bus is formed in pre-krebs

A

NADH+H

74
Q

What does 2C acetate join with

A

Co-enzyme a

75
Q

What compound is formed when 2C acetate joins with co-enzyme a

A

acetyl Coa

76
Q

What happens to co-enzyme a

A

it is cut off and returns to cytoplasm to be reused

77
Q

What are the net results of pre-krebs

A

2 2C Acetyl for krebs
2 molecules of CO2
2 NADH+H hydrogen buses for ETC

78
Q

What is 6c Citrate

A

2C actate unties 4c oxloacetate

79
Q

What is 5C ketoglutarate

A

comes the decarborxyion of 6c cirate

80
Q

What is decarboxylation

A

loss of carbon / co2

81
Q

What is the first compound produced krebs cycle? How many carbon atoms does it contain?

A

6c citrate, 6 carbons

82
Q

What reaction occurs yielding a waste gas

A

decarboxylation

83
Q

What is one of the 5C compounds produced in Krebs cycle

A

ketoglutarate

84
Q

How many pyruvates are fed into Krebs cycle from glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates

85
Q

So how many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each molecule glucose that goes to respiration?

A

2 times

86
Q

What part of the hydrogen ion travels down the ETC gradient

A

H- Electrons

87
Q

What part of the hydrogen ion is pumped into the outer compartment of the mitochondria

A

H+ Proteins

88
Q

What is the charge of the outer compartment

A

postivite charge

89
Q

At what points are the hydrogen protons pumped out

A

complex 1, 3, and 4

90
Q

What is the charge of the inner compartment

A

negitvae charge

91
Q

What is the source of the OH ions

A

metabolic water

92
Q

where is entry point for high energy hydrogen buses

A

complex 1

93
Q

where is entry for low energy buses

A

complex 2

94
Q

how many spins of the ATP synthase does a high engry bus produce

A

3 times, making 3 ATP

95
Q

how many spins of the ATP Synthase does a low enegry bus produce

A

2 times, making 2 ATP

96
Q

what is the last electron acceptor and what is formed

A

the last h- electron acceptor oxygen

97
Q

what direction do the protons move in

A

down the gradient

98
Q

where is the only point in the inner membrane ((cristae) that the h protons can re-enter the inner compartment

A

one-way: out of the inner compartment and in to the outer compartment

99
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

the process of the hygren down the gradient

100
Q

who won the nobel prize for chemiomosis

A

peter mitchell

101
Q

what type of phosphorylation occurs in ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation

102
Q

do prokaryoyic cells(no nucleus) such as bacteria have mitochondria

A

no, they have no mitochondria

103
Q

where are the proteins for ETC and Chemiomosis found in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

104
Q

how is the NADH+H bus from glycolysis classed– low or high energy bus

A

high energy bus

105
Q

what are the proteins order in the ETC steps

A

complex 1
coenzyme Q
complex 2
complex 3
cytochrome c
complex 4

106
Q

what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: outer compartment

A

outside

107
Q

what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: inner compartment

A

inside

108
Q

what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: cristae

A

on the folds

109
Q

what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: ATP Synthase

A

inner membrane

110
Q

what is the location of the following in the ETC: Complex 1
co-enzyme Q
complex 2
complex 3
cytochrome C
complex 4

A

inner membrane

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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